Marx's View Of Machines And The Age Of Intelligent Machines

The development of artificial intelligence has aroused widespread attention from all walks of life.With the penetration of artificial intelligence into all aspects of human production and life,how to view the development of artificial intelligence,dealing with the relationship between human and artificial intelligence has become a hot and cuttingedge issue.As a researcher of Marxist theory,it is necessary to choose an appropriate entry point to study the problem of artificial intelligence.Through analysis,we take Marx's view of machinery as the starting point,choose the intelligent machine which is more closely related to the two concepts of machine and artificial intelligence as the object,and study the problem of intelligent machine under the guidance of Marx's view of machinery.Marx's view of machinery takes the realistic human as the central clue,insists on analyzing the machine problem with the duality analysis method,reveals the economic laws behind the application of the machine,criticizes the reversal of the subject-object relationship between man and machine under the condition of capitalism,analyzes the reaction of social subject to the spontaneous state of machine production,and looks forward to the prospect of machine promoting the free development of man.According to the main text of Marx's discussion of machine problems,we can divide the formation process of Marx's view of machinery into three stages,which are the early budding stage,the initial development stage,and the increasingly perfect stage.The division of these three stages is closely related to the change of Marx's thinking and the shift of research focus,which reflects the staged changes in the breadth and depth of Marx's machine research.From the core content of Marx's view of machinery,Marx's view of machinery insists on starting from the realistic human,examining the problem of machine in the broad vision of the relationship between man and nature and the relationship between man and man,and holds that machine has distinct human nature.According to the duality analysis method,machines have their natural and social attributes,and understanding the dual attributes of machines is the key to understanding Marx's view of machinery.In the study of machine problems,Marx combined economic research with technology research,which not only clearly distinguished the difference between the two,but also paid attention to the relationship between the two.Marx clarified the motives and conditions for capitalists to use machines,and pointed out that their fundamental purpose was to obtain more surplus value,and capital would adopt machines only when the value of the machine was less than the value of the labor force replaced by machines.For workers,the application of machines has not made work easier,but their working hours have been further extended and concentrated,moreover,workers are constantly excluded and attracted by the development of machine production,and they are suffering from this.Under the logic of capital,the subjectobject relationship between workers and machines is reversed,workers become objects while machines become subjects.This reversal is actually a reflection of the masterslave relationship between capitalists and workers,only by breaking away from the logic of capital can this reversal be fundamentally eliminated.From the perspective of the whole society,the social subject must respond to the spontaneous state of machine production and protect workers through the compulsory measures of the state and law.This is a historical progress,but these measures can not be fully realized,some of them can not even be realized at all because of the interest conflict of multiple subjects in the real relationship.But these measures cannot be fully realized due to the conflict of interests of multiple subjects in the actual relationship,and some of them cannot even be realized at all.In the outlook for the future,Marx believes that the development of machine production will make wealth production no longer rely on living labor as the cornerstone,thereby promoting the disintegration of value-based capitalist production,and the development of machines helps to create more free time for society and individuals,thereby creating conditions for the free development of human beings.In order to study the problem of intelligent machines under the guidance of Marx's view of machinery,we need to answer an important question,namely the presence of Marx's view of machinery.It should be said that although the era of intelligent machines has changed greatly compared to the era of Marx,some fundamental things behind this change have not changed.Marx's basic views are not out of date,and Marx's view of machinery is still present.At the same time,Marx's view of machinery also provides a panoramic vision for the research of intelligent machines,which has the significance of overall guidance.On this basis,following Marx's thinking,we should start from the realistic human to investigate intelligent machines.It can be seen that intelligent machines increasingly show similarities with human beings,but in essence it is still the objectification of human essential power.In the face of the debate on the relationship between human and intelligent machines,only by using the duality analysis method to reveal the relationship,can we reveal the relationship between people,which is covered by the relationship between human and objects and the relationship between objects and objects,and get out of the misunderstanding of human-machine relationship.From the perspective of economics,intelligent machines have brought about new changes in the mode of production,which are not only reflected in the emerging industrial sector of intelligent machine manufacturing,but also in various traditional industrial sectors.Intelligent machines have also entered the field of consumption and promoted the intelligentization of consumption.Behind this change,capital is still in a dominant position.The motivation and conditions of capital using intelligent machines have not changed fundamentally,but intelligent machines as a means of promoting commodity circulation are noteworthy new changes.For workers,the application of intelligent machines does not mean that their work becomes easier,and the replacement of simple labor and complex labor by intelligent machines brings them new challenges.On the issue of employment,although the development of smart machines has a dual trend of increasing and decreasing employment,for the individual worker,he has to bear the negative consequences of intelligent machines.From the perspective of subject and the subject-object relationship dimension,an intelligent machine can not be the subject in the sense of "human",but when it is used as a representative of a person to exert a certain influence on other things or others,it can be understood as a subject in another sense.From the perspective of the subjectobject relationship between workers and intelligent machines,the capitalist application of intelligent machines also creates an inverted subject-object relationship in which intelligent machines enjoy a new authority,and workers become the objects ruled by intelligent machines.From the perspective of social subject dimension,the development of intelligent machines makes the society become an intelligent surveillance society.Many new problems arising from intelligent machines are emerging,which requires the society to take measures to deal with them.However,due to different interests and views,different subjects have disputes about what role does society play in these problems.This requires us to face the reality of subject diversity,clarify the rights and responsibilities of different subjects,and implement them through corresponding social systems,so as to better deal with various problems brought about by intelligent machines.Finally,looking forward to the future of intelligent machines and people,we should realize that the relationship between intelligent machines and social system change is not a simple linear relationship.We should not only see the fundamental law that intelligent machines promote social change,but also see a variety of specific factors that hinder the realization of the law.At the same time,there is a paradox in the relationship between intelligent machines and human freedom,which must be analyzed in conjunction with Marx's understanding of freedom.Fundamentally speaking,the development of intelligent machines will help human beings realize greater freedom in the realm of necessity,help to create more free time for human beings,and thus promote human beings to move towards a real realm of freedom.