Study On Turkey's Diplomatic Transformation Under The Hundred Years Of Change

This paper analyzes the ideological pillars of Turkey's diplomacy,namely Islamism,Kemalism and Neo-Ottomanism in turn.The connotation,historical development and the relationship between the three ideological pillars and the transformation of Turkey's diplomacy are analyzed.Investigating the stages of Turkey's foreign policy transformation since AKP Party came into power;Focusing on analyzing the background,motivation,goal,means,obstacles and characteristics of Turkey's foreign policy transformation after the upheaval in the Middle East.Focusing on Turkey's policy adjustment to Syria and Qatar,this paper analyzes its "Enterprising" peripheral diplomacy in the transformation of its foreign policy.The paper takes Turkey's policy adjustment to the United States and Russia as an example to observe the great power balanced diplomacy in its foreign policy transition.This paper uses the theory of foreign policy transformation to analyze the complex interaction between Turkey and other actors in the international community since the AKP Party came to power,especially after the upheaval in the Middle East,in an effort to present the fundamental change and transformation of Turkish diplomacy under the Hundred Years of Change.First of all,Turkey's diplomatic transformation after the Cold War is divided into three stages: the first stage is the first ten years after the end of the Cold War as a period of diplomatic fluctuations;The second stage is the upheaval in the Middle East from the early stage of AKP Party to 2011.In this stage,Turkey's foreign policy is to join the European Union and improve the neighborhood diplomacy.The third stage is marked by Turkey's intervention in the Syrian civil war since the upheaval in the Middle East,and its foreign policy turned to "Enterprising" peripheral diplomacy and great-power balanced diplomacy.Secondly,as a trans-Eurasian regional power,Turkey's diplomacy is prone to be affected by changes in domestic and foreign environment.On the international environment level,the end of the Cold War changed Turkey's understanding of the outside world,the adjustment of the Middle East policy by the United States and Russia,the rise of new countries and the accompanying changes in the international balance of power;At the regional environment level,the upheaval in the Middle East has brought major changes to Turkey's surrounding environment.Traditional security threats have increased while non-traditional security shocks have increased.Turkey's ability to cope with the surrounding chaos is defective,and its neighborhood policy faces adjustment pressure.At the same time,Turkey's domestic politics has undergone a series of changes,such as the national power system changed from parliamentary system to presidential system,the weakening of military politics and the decline of secular power.As the ruling party,AKP's ideology constantly transcends the conservative democracy,especially Erdogan's personal political ambition and his pro-Sunni religious belief,which leads to the rising Islam-nationalism in Turkey,etc.,and becomes an internal force to promote the transformation of Turkey's foreign policy.Thirdly,since the upheaval in the Middle East,Turkey has expanded its goal to pursue besides maintaining the diplomatic goal of joining the European Union,the main goal is to ensure the stability of Erdogan's regime and its re-election,and strive to rise from a "bridge country" to a global country and become a leader of Sunni Muslims.The changes of Turkey's diplomatic goals has been shaped by a combination of economic,security,religious and Western alienation.Finally,since the upheaval in the Middle East,Turkey's diplomatic focus has also undergone significant changes,from the economic and cultural soft power means mainly to the combination of soft power means such as humanitarian aid and military intervention mainly hard power means.The diversification of Turkey's foreign policy means includes carrying out humanitarian assistance relying on the growth of comprehensive national strength,actively building and making use of the status of energy transit country,combining the historical heritage of Ottoman Empire with the cultural soft power of Islamism,and frequently using military intervention and other means to expand national space and interests.Turkey's diplomatic transformation is faced with both internal difficulties and external pressures,including domestic economic recession,political authoritarianism and other ruling crises,persistent troubles of the Kurdish issue,regional instability from Syria and other surrounding areas and constraints from Western countries.In short,Turkey's diplomatic transformation under the background of the Hundred Years of Change not only has a historical background,but also reflects a long-term trend.The transformation of Turkey's foreign policy reflects not only the change of its international positioning,but also the change of the objectives and principles of the foreign policy since the Erdogan's government came into power.With the constant change of domestic and foreign environment,Turkey's diplomacy in the future will still presents a high degree of complexity and uncertainty,but it will definitely shift from the dependency diplomacy oriented by European and American countries to the more active and confident pluralistic diplomacy.