Research On The Changes Of Sports Organizations In Guzhen Since The Reform And Opening Up

Sports organizations are the important carriers of sports activities.The synchronic and diachronic study of rural sports organizations is to reveal the rule of their occurrence,development and evolution,which is of great theoretical and practical significance in promoting the development of the rural sports cause in China.From the perspective of "the theory of relationship between the state and society" and "the organization evolution theory",this paper is to systematically study Guzhen,a national sports demonstration town near the Huaihe River,in terms of the social institutional background,history since the reform and opening up,concept and features,rules and influencing factors of Guzhen's sports organization evolution and the enlightenment for future rural sports organizations in China,through a number of research methods including literature study,field test,the oral history records and in-depth interviews,questionnaire survey,history and logic analysis.And the conclusions are as follows.First,according to the study of the social institutional background of Guzhen's sports organization evolution,it is easy to find that Guzhen,as a microcosm of thousands of rural villages and towns in China,has its special geographic,historical and cultural backgrounds,as well as shared cultural traits in the process of rural social transformation in China.Especially since the reform and opening up,along with China's political and economic system transition and social structure transformation,the town,with no exception,experiences changes in the population structure,family structure and means of livelihood.These changes not only accelerate the local residents' diverse demands for sports interests,but also build a logic foundation for the emergence and evolution of rural sports organizations.Second,since the reform and opening up,the evolution of Guzhen's sports organizations has taken three stages,each with their own distinctive characteristics.During the beginning of reform and opening up(1978-1991),most governmental sports organizations in Guzhen are strongly"planning" and "mandatory" whereas folk sports organizations are predominated to be other-organized instead of being self-organized.During the transformation from plan economy to market economy(1992-2001),both governmental and folk sports organizations remain at a scrabble stage.Governmental sports organizations in Guzhen and the upper management department are trapped in an abnormal relation between "multiple management" and"no management".At the same time,folk sports organizations are in an unbalanced development situation.During the period of building a well-off society(2002-now),the physical function of governmental sports organizations is further clarified with the management relationship between the government and the upper department much clearer.What's more,some informal sports organizations start to appear with the main purpose of fitness and entertainment and sports activities are more likely to be "self-organized" than "others-organized".In addition,the emergence of for-profit sports organizations,a new form of Guzhen's sports organizations,marks the marketization of rural sports organizations.Third,throughout history significant changes,both in the concept and in the organizations,have taken place in the sports organizations in Guzhen since the reform and opening up.What fully give expression to the change in the concept is that the government,the society and the market changes their concept from management to service,from means to ends and from exclusion to acceptance respectively.On the other hand,a number of changes have taken place in the sports organizations themselves in Guzhen where the governmental management agencies of sports organizations change from distributed attachment to specialized attachment,sports facilities from dependent construction to specialized construction,sports funds from government supply only to multiple social sponsorship,ways of sports management from passive to active,the number and size of folk sports organizations from simple form to complex form,the status quo of participants of sports organizations from the lack of backbone to the emergence of fitness leaders,the activity contents of sports organizations from traditional projects to modern ones,the space and time of sports activities from well-organized to out-of-order,ways of guidance of sports organizations from low-technology to high-technology,and ways of management of sports organizations from being organized to self-organized.Therefore,it is easy to find that the evolution of rural sports organization adapts to the development standard of local society and economy.At the same time,there is an unbalanced evolution between the progress of rural sports organizations and the interests and demands of the local people.What's more,the relationship among different sports organizations changes with the relation between the state and society.Moreover,six factors affect the change of sports organizations in the town including political system,economic conditions,cultural atmosphere,scientific and technological development,ways of management and organization construction itself.Thereinto the political system affects the nature and direction of the development of the sports organizations,economic conditions affect the speed and scale,culture atmosphere affects the concept and behavior,scientific and technological development affect the depth and breadth,ways of management affect the level of development and result and organization construction affects the forms and contents.Fourth,what enlightenment the case of Guzhen give for future rural sports organizations in China is that sports organizations in rural towns should adhere to the concept of "traditional and modern integration","national and social interaction" and "good governance".Hence several practical suggestions can be given to develop rural governmental sports organizations from the following aspects.To begin with,more actions should be taken to clarify the dominant position of local government in developing its sports organizations,further efforts should be made to strengthen the policy support and enforcement of rural sports organizations,to attach great importance to the construction of local sports organizations and talent team,to integrate local cultural sports resources and to innovate the form and content of rural sports work.In the second place,to clarify the subjectivity of social sports organizations in township sports organizations,to build up the registration system of grass-root sports organizations,strengthen the internal governance capacity of local social sports organizations.and innovative development of township social sports organizations.Furthermore,attaching importance to the construction of township for-profit sports organizations,actively support the development of for-profit sports organizations in townships and towns,and with three specific strategies can be applied to its development including developing fitness industry in rural area with the help of urban ones,starting local sporting goods industry with the awareness of building local brands,and opening up a path for local sports tourism and for-profit sports organizations.What the synchronic and diachronic study of sports organizations in Guzhen since the reform and opening up fully reveals is that the emergence,formation,development and evolution of rural sports organizations,as the main carrier of rural construction of national fitness and fragments of rural culture,are the result of the trend of times in accordance with the change of relation between the state and society.Besides,future rural sports organizations will play an important role in the multiple social governance system while moving in the direction of multiple benefits subjects and complicated relationship pattern.At the same time,the government will occupy a higher place in leading rural sports career.Meanwhile,the power of folk sports organizations and the market will play an active and significant part in the construction and development of sports organizations.