Generalized Human Capital Measurement And Human Capital Development In Underdeveloped Regions

Since the country's reform and opening up,the Chinese economy has experienced an unprecedentedly rapid and continuous growth for half a century.In this process,human capital as a factor of production plays an important role that cannot be ignored.At the same time,as China's overall economic growth continues,the differences in the economic development between domestic regions still exist,and there is even an enlarging trend for some regions.China is in a critical period of building a well-off society in an all-round way.The principal contradiction in society has evolved to be the contradiction between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people's ever-growing needs for a better life.In this context,it is imperative to raise the level of economic development in underdeveloped regions and to achieve coordinated development and common prosperity among regions.In view of the important role of human capital,theoretically and empirically tested,on economic development,it is still crucial that we rely on human capital development in promoting the economic development of underdeveloped regions.In this process,there are two theoretical problems to be solved: First,how to measure the level of human capital in an objective and scientific way,so that we can accurately evaluate the human capital disparity between regions and analyze its causes;second,what are the effective ways to promote human capital development in underdeveloped regions.First of all,what needs to be solved is the measurement of human capital,which provides an empirical base for application of human capital theory in academic research and policy analysis.Although the human capital theory has experienced more than half a century of development since its introduction,it has always been difficult to accurately measure human capital theoretically.In the neoclassical economic growth theory,human capital and physical capital are the two main sources of economic growth,but my research cannot simply apply the measurement method of physical capital to the measurement of labor inputs.As an intangible capital,human capital is difficult to be directly observed during its production,accumulation,and contribution to the economy.The previous methods of human capital measurement ignore two important issues: First,the existence of disparity in human capital quality.They consider that the quality of human capital in all regions is the same,and the difference in human capital between regions is attributed solely to the difference in the quantity of human capital.The second issue is about the elasticity of substitution between the various components of human capital.They consider that there is a perfect substitutable relationship between the various components of human capital,and the total amount of human capital is regarded as a simple or weighted sum of the components of human capital.In view of the problems in the measurement method of human capital,this research extends the existing literature to propose a generalized human capital estimation method based on Jones(2014),and incorporates both the human capital quality and the elasticity of substitution into the calculation of human capital.Firstly,my research clarifies the concept and measurement methods of basic level human quality.Based on micro-data and econometric models,the basic human capital quality index system of each province is established.The quality difference of human capital between regions in China is systematically analyzed,which extends the relevant research in China.Secondly,using the generalized human capital estimation method,combined with the data of China's human capital index project,the total human capital and per capita human capital of each province in 2015 are estimated,and we further analyze the differences between the results of different human capital estimation methods.Finally,by constructing the factor interpretation coefficient,my research presents the comprehensiveness and efficiency of the generalized human capital estimation results,and discusses the reasons for the differences in human capital levels and economic development in various provinces.Second,another issue to be addressed is how to improve the level of human capital in underdeveloped regions.Based on the human capital theory,human capital can be accumulated through a variety of channels,and education is one of the most important channels.The gap in the level of education development and the quality of education between China's developed and underdeveloped regions has been large,which has aggravated the gap in human capital and economic development between developed and underdeveloped regions.To solve the problem of imbalanced economic development between regions,we can improve the quality of education in underdeveloped regions.More specifically,by adjusting the total amount and structure of investments in education resources,we can narrow the difference in human capital between developed and underdeveloped regions and promote a balanced development among regions.The arrival of the "Internet +" era has provided new ideas for improving the quality of education in underdeveloped areas.The introduction of network distance education can enrich educational resources in underdeveloped areas,improve the local education quality,and improve the level of human capital for local students.Compared with traditional forms of education,network distance education has a lower cost of providing educational resources to the underdeveloped areas,which helps rapidly improve their quality of education.In fact,the impact of online distance education on the quality of education in underdeveloped areas is likely to be multifaceted.While disseminating quality education resources,it also brings new classroom experiences and learning patterns to students in underdeveloped areas.These changes may have an impact on students' non-cognitive ability such as study habits,learning attitudes and personal personality.Improving the non-cognitive ability of students in underdeveloped areas is also an important way to improve their human capital level.The significance of my research lies in the following four aspects: First,my research develops a generalized human capital calculation method,enriches the domestic theoretical system of human capital measurement,and applies the generalized human capital calculation method to re-measure the human capital level in China.Exploring scientific and objective human capital calculation methods has important theoretical and practical significance,which is not only conducive to the promotion of human capital theory research,but also to support human capital related policies.Secondly,my research analyzes the differences in human capital levels between regions based on the measurement results of general human capital,and points out that the difference in education quality is an important reason for the difference in regional human capital levels.The estimation of human capital level through a more comprehensive and objective generalized human capital estimation method can not only reflect the differences in human capital levels between regions more realistically,but also further analyze the internal causes of regional human capital levels and economic development differences.Thirdly,on the basis of accurately analyzing the regional differences in the level of human capital and its causes,my research will further explore ways and means to solve the problem of excessive human capital differences between regions.Based on the analysis of the data of the "double teacher teaching project",it is demonstrated that online education as a means of sharing educational resources can play a long-term role in improving the quality of education and human capital in underdeveloped areas.Fourthly,the formation mechanism of non-cognitive ability is discussed,which shows that the influence of online education on individual non-cognitive ability is another way to improve the level of human capital in underdeveloped areas.Assessing the impact of network distance education on individual non-cognitive ability not only helps enrich the discussion of non-cognitive ability formation mechanism,but also provides new ideas for regional human capital development policy.The discussion of my research consists of seven chapters.The first chapter is an introduction.The second chapter is an overview of relevant literature.The contents of the remaining chapters are arranged as follows:The third chapter is the introduction of the framework system of the general human capital estimation method.It mainly includes: the origin,main content and specific derivation process of the generalized human capital estimation method,proposes the measurement method of human capital quality measurement and calculates the basic human capital quality index of each province,and also analyzes the needs of the specific application process of the general human capital estimation method.Several problems solved.Jones(2014)still has two problems in estimating the difference of human capital quality at the basic level based on the difference in immigrant wages.First,the simple ratio of wages to human capital quality actually reduces the impact of gender,work experience and other factors.The difference in the quality of human capital,but in fact these factors are not the scope of human capital quality measurement.Secondly,there may be a problem of Sample selection bias,that is,the quality of human capital of the floating population does not represent the quality of human capital in the outflow.If the floating population is more capable and more enterprising,using this method may overestimate the quality of human capital in the region.Therefore,my research introduces the Mincer extended equation and the Heckman sample selection model to compare and analyze the basic level human capital quality of different provinces in China.The results show that if the basic level human capital quality index of the provinces in the eastern region is 100,the basic level human capital quality index of the provinces in the northeastern region is 92.15,and the basic level human capital quality index of the central provinces is 90.79,the basis of the western provinces.The level of human capital quality index is 85.91.From the results of the correlation coefficient,the correlation coefficient between the human capital quality at the basic level and the quality of education is between 0.603 and 0.697,and is significant at least at the statistical level of at least 1%,which indicates the quality of the basic level education and the human capital at the basic level.There is a significant positive correlation between the qualities.The fourth chapter is the estimation and analysis of the human capital quality and the general human capital level of each province.It mainly includes: the application of generalized human capital estimation method to estimate the total human capital and per capita quantity of each province,and analyze the accuracy and efficiency of the generalized human capital estimation method based on the factor interpretation coefficient.From the comparison between the total amount of human capital and the total amount of narrow human capital,the narrow amount of human capital is lower than the total amount of human capital in each province.In the eastern provinces where the economy is relatively developed,the narrow human capital accounts for a lower proportion of general human capital.For example,Beijing's narrow human capital accounts for only 24.75% of the general human capital;while in the economically underdeveloped northeast,central and western provinces,narrowly defined.Human capital accounts for a higher proportion of general human capital.For example,the narrow human capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region can account for 98.33% of the general human capital.The comparison between the total amount of human capital and the total amount of human capital in JF found that the total amount of human capital in JF tends to underestimate the human capital of provinces with higher total human capital(such as Beijing),and tends to overestimate the total amount of human capital in underdeveloped provinces(such as the Tibet Autonomous Region).From the calculation results of the interpretation factors of the three types of human capital estimation methods,the factor interpretation coefficient of the general human capital estimation method is between 64.13%-89.46%,and the factor interpretation coefficient of the JF human capital estimation method is between 56.46%-85.01%,and the factor interpretation coefficient of the narrow human capital estimation method is between 34.72%-81.49%.This shows that the general human capital estimation method is more efficient in measuring the difference of human capital level than the JF human capital estimation method and the narrow human capital estimation method.It also shows that the human capital quality at the basic level and its substitution elasticity are the main source of differences between the provinces and the human capital.The fifth chapter is the analysis of the impact of network distance education on the quality of education in underdeveloped areas.It mainly includes: analyzing the short-term and long-term effects of network distance education on the changes of students' performance in underdeveloped areas,and discussing the path of influence,and separating the influence of network distance education on the quality of teachers in underdeveloped areas.The empirical analysis shows that the overall impact of the DT project on the quality of education in underdeveloped regions is positive,that is,the dual-study project has a significant positive impact on the performance of students in underdeveloped regions.From the regression coefficient of the experimental class,the mathematics scores of the students participating in the double-teaching experimental class increased by an average of 0.697 standard deviations compared with the mathematics scores of the control class students.From a more intuitive percentage point of achievement,for a student with a 50% grading in mathematics,entering a double-study lab can increase his math score to 76%.From the regression coefficient of the semi-experimental class,the mathematics scores of the students participating in the double-study and semi-experimental classes increased by an average of 0.259 standard deviations compared with the mathematics scores of the control students.From the percentile of grades,for a student with a math score of 50%,entering a double-study class can improve his math score to 61%.From the regression coefficient of the experimental class and the semi-experimental class 6 periods,the positive impact of the dual-teacher project on the quality of education in underdeveloped areas has increased with the duration of the project.The sixth chapter is the impact of network distance education on the level of non-cognitive ability of individuals in underdeveloped areas.It mainly includes: constructing the non-cognitive ability score index system of individuals in underdeveloped areas,analyzing the influence of network distance education on different types of non-cognitive ability and its path,and analyzing the heterogeneity of the affected individuals.From the perspective of different non-cognitive abilities,the estimated coefficients of the impact of entering the DT experimental class on students' extroversion and openness are 0.135-0.168 and 0.264-0.289,respectively,and statistically significant at least at the level of 10%.Percentage explanation,entering the DT experimental class will increase the scores of students' extroversion and openness by 5% and 10%;the estimated coefficient of influence on the openness of students entering the DT semi-experimental classes is 0.125-0.131,and at least 10%.The statistics are statistically significant.If the percentage is explained,entering the DT class will increase the student's openness score by 5%.This indicates that participation in the DT experimental class has a significant positive impact on the extroversion and openness of students' non-cognitive ability,and participation in the DT semi-experimental classes will also have a positive impact on the open dimension of students' non-cognitive ability.The seventh chapter is the main conclusions and policy recommendations.It mainly summarizes the conclusions drawn from my research and proposes relevant policy recommendations for regional education quality,human capital and economic development.The innovation of my research is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:First,the general human capital estimation method was introduced and developed,and the basic level human capital quality system was established.My research introduces a new generalized human capital estimation method system,measures the total amount of human capital and the average amount of human capital in each province,analyzes the real differences of human capital levels in each province,and discusses the causes of the differences.At the same time,my research analyzes the quantitative factors and quality factors in the human capital level,proposes the measurement method of human capital quality,and attempts to establish the quality index of human capital at the basic level of each province for the first time.Second,it analyzes the impact of this new form of education on network education on the quality of education and the level of human capital in underdeveloped regions.With the advent of the era of network information,the system has changed the form of traditional education and will also have an impact on individual human capital that accepts online education.My research analyzes the impact of network distance education on the quality of education and human capital in the short-term and long-term,and discusses the mechanisms and ways to influence,and also analyzes the heterogeneity of impact.Third,it explores the formation of individual non-cognitive ability and its influence by external shocks such as network distance education.My research takes the Big Five personality as the measurement standard and measures the level of non-cognitive ability of junior high school students in underdeveloped areas.Combined with the implementation of network distance education,my research analyzes the impact of network distance education as an external impact on individual non-cognitive ability.While enriching the theory of non-cognitive ability formation,it points out another way for network distance education to improve the level of human capital in underdeveloped areas.The shortcomings of my research mainly include:First,because the time span and content of the domestic floating population data are limited,my research only measures the general human capital and human capital quality index of each province in 2015.If more years of data are available,a richer database of general human capital and human capital quality indices can be created.Second,network distance education is a new form of education.There is no systematically collected statistical data in China.The research on the impact of network distance education can only be based on a field research data.Due to smaller geographic areas included in the field survey,the applicability of the research results and policy recommendations nationwide needs further exploration in the future work.