Working Poverty Problem Of The Contemporary Youth ——Evaluation System And Empirical Research

In recent years,the problem of working poverty has gradually attracted the attention of the academic world.The formulation of working poverty breaks the traditional concept of unemployment poverty.The traditional unemployment poverty refers to people who have lost or have inadequate working capacity,therefore cannot rely on working to meet basic needs,then fall into poverty.The current situation is that poverty is no longer a unique phenomenon of people who are incapable of working or not working,hard-working workers may also fall into poverty.The report of the 19th CPC National Congress pointed out that from now to 2020,is the decisive period for building a comprehensively moderate prosperous society.It is necessary to guarantee the reform and development results more equitable to benefit all people,to make continuous progress towards achieving common prosperity.Scholars have successively put forward the concept of working poverty,which mainly refers to some young workers in the city.Despite working overtime every day,they are still unable to get rid of the reality of low average wages,poor social security and low living standards.The problem of employment quality has become more outstanding.At present,China's economy is on a stage of transition from rapid development to high-quality development.Affected by the labor division impact and changes in the poverty population structure,the employment quality of young workers has become a prominent issue.On one hand,there are unfavorable factors of industrial surplus caused by large supply.On the other hand,under the background of industrial structure adjustment,inter-industry development imbalance and increased friction,compared with middle-aged people whose jobs are more stable,young workers are more likely to fall into working poverty due to lack of practical working experience and welfare guarantee.On the whole,working poverty problem of the contemporary youth may be relatively serious.However,sorting out the existing academic literature,it is found that the research on the problem of the youth working poverty is still a relatively new field.The existence of the working poverty groups,in the final analysis,reflects that the employment quality of low-skilled workers has not been resolved during the industrial transformation and upgrading period.Under the premise that the "quantity" of employment is guaranteed,issues related to the "quality" of employment need to be further properly handled.Employment promotion-oriented policies have increased the employment rate,but have made little improvement for those in the situation of working poverty,and may even have long-term negative effects on their work and life.China has made considerable achievements in employment promotion and targeted poverty alleviation,but the research on the problem of working poverty is still in its infancy based on the existing literature.Low unemployment rate does not mean high employment quality.Some workers often change jobs,they cannot get the guarantee from internal "quality" to external "decent".At present,with the rapid development of the emerging technology industries such as artificial intelligence and big data,employment in traditional industries is increasingly impacted,the employment problem of the working poverty workers is prominent.There has not yet formed a set of specific methods for measuring the working poverty rate in China.Research on the working poverty groups is a long-term task with a long way to go.The core chapters of this article consist of two parts.The first part is the construction of the working poverty indicator system,specifically including macro monitoring system and micro evaluating system of working poverty.Through screening and ranking of the macro monitoring system,main factors affecting laborers' working poverty are obtained at the macro level.Through assigning micro samples' working poverty variables with the micro evaluation system,creating possibility for the application of the following econometric method.The second part is the empirical test part.Aiming at the three most important factors that affect young people's working poverty,appropriate measurement methods are selected for empirical analysis,various conclusions and policy recommendations are drawn.This article is divided into seven chapters in structure.The first chapter is the introduction,which explains the background,significance,ideas,framework,goals,methods and other specific contents of this article's research,summarizes the research contribution and research innovation of this article.The second chapter is the theoretical foundation and literature review.In the theoretical foundation part,it summarizes the classic theories related to the cause of working poverty,including Sen's poverty theory,human capital theory,labor market employment theory and regional difference theory.In the literature review part,the relevant literature is sorted out from four perspectives,including the definition of working poverty,the analysis of the historical causes of working poverty,working poverty and labor employment,working poverty and labor welfare.Chapters 3 to 6 are the core chapters of this article.The specific research content is:The 3rd chapter summarizes and compares the existing domestic and foreign working poverty measurement methods and finds that the measurement methods used in the study are all income methods,with the official poverty line or a certain ratio of social median income as the critical value of poverty.However,whether from the perspective of multidimensional characteristics of poverty or from Amartya Sen's feasible capability,the income method cannot accurately conduct a comprehensive survey of the employment status and living standards of the workers.According to Sen's feasible capability theory,the essence of poverty is lacking the ability to change living conditions and resist risks from production and life.Based on the existing employment quality evaluation index system,this chapter builds a macro monitoring system,finding that human capital,institutional policies and regional differences are the most important factors affecting working poverty.In addition,based on Sen's feasible capability theory,drawing on the highly recognized multi-dimensional poverty index MPI,creatively construct a multi-dimensional working poverty index system(MWPI,Multidimensional Working Poverty Index),which includes health,employment,living standards,and so on,the system will create possibilities for subsequent empirical research.Chapter 4 first uses the A-F double boundary method to measure and decompose the working poverty index of young workers with high school,junior college and undergraduate degrees.It is found that young workers who have completed higher education have lower working poverty level.Young college graduates have lower poverty level in living standard dimension,but higher poverty level in health dimension.The working poverty of young high school graduates occurs more often in living standard dimension.The poor actual employment situation of young workers is the main reason for aggravating working poverty.Therefore,improving employment quality as the focus work after stabilizing employment should continue to be implemented.The empirical results show that higher education helps young college graduates to accumulate more human capital,with wages increasing and social status improving,working poverty will thereby reduce.Based on the above points,we can affirm the positive significance of contemporary young people to complete higher education.The government should continue to provide young people with opportunities to receive higher education.The 5th chapter uses the 2011 personal income tax reform as a quasi-natural experiment,using the differences in differences(DID)method to study the impact of personal income tax reform on the working poverty young workers from the perspectives of tax shock and tax reduction.The results found that from the perspective of working poverty,personal income tax reform can reduce the burden on young people,but the regulatory effect of tax reform is significantly heterogeneous.Highly educated,high-income and eastern region young workers,have improved more from personal income tax reform,while low-educated,low-income and Midwest region young workers have benefited very little.This article believes that the new round of tax reform policies continues to optimize the tax rate structure,raise the basic standards of tax reduction and exemption,as well as increasing special additional deductions closely related to life,such as children's education expenditures,continued education expenditures,serious illness medical expenditures,housing loan interest and housing rents.These policies can play a certain role in helping young workers with serious working poverty problems,however,the lack of consideration of the actual living conditions and family burdens of young people during the formulation of personal income tax,is an obvious deficiency.At the policy level,it is necessary to take into account the differences in the taxation capacity of young individuals,adjust measures to local conditions and individual conditions,use taxation capacity as the tax standard,even implement a tax refund policy to reduce the burden of working poverty for young people who have heavy burden in actual lives.Chapter 6 studies the impact of regional differences on young people's working poverty.Use ArcGIS to classify regional index variables with natural discontinuities,then use MATLAB's neural network method to synthesize dual indicators of economic development and welfare at the provincial level.Construct three panel models including both non-spatial and spatial to test the impact of differences in regional economic development and welfare levels on young people's working poverty.Results of the model in this chapter are that,if the welfare level of a certain area increases by one unit,the working poverty index of young people will drop by 5.19%.If the economic development level of the region increases by one unit,the young people's working poverty index will increase by 8.16%.Therefore,it is believed that when choosing employment,young people should be aware that the problem of individual working poverty may be directly related to their location.Choose a high welfare level place of employment and living instead of a high economic development level place,is necessary for reducing working poverty.In addition,the government should use policy measures to guide young people's rational employment and regional mobility,so as to avoid the phenomenon of young people's getting together in economic advanced development areas.Finally,Chapter 7 is the research conclusion,policy enlightenment and research outlook.Summarize the relevant policy enlightenment and conclusions of this article,then put forward the deficiencies and future prospects of the research.This paper also has some shortcomings.Due to the lack of data support for the most recent individual tax reform that occurred in 2018,only the impact of the 2011 individual income tax reform can be studied.In the study of regional differences on the working poverty of young people,only the provincial level is focused,representative first-tier and second-tier cities are ignored,more focused data may lead to more explanatory conclusions.In the construction of the macro monitoring system,whether the selection of index items and the use of entropy method are reasonable enough and can fully explain working poverty,it may do better with more available data.In addition,the classic theories and mainstream index systems used in this article,such as MPI,all come from foreign countries.Whether they are reasonable and appropriate in the context of China's current national and economic transformation condition,remains to be further verified.Research on working poverty,due to its multidimensionality and complexity,as well as its close relationship with people's lives and employment,will be a key area of economic research for a long time to come,many valuable topics will constantly emerge as the research progress.It is believed that in the process of continuous integration of economics with sociology,demography,geography and other disciplines,it will gradually form more relevant research methods that are more in line with China's national conditions and draw more explanatory research conclusions.