| To explore the construction of "double first class" and high-level universities with Chinese and regional characteristics in the new era,universities urgently need to form core competitiveness advantages,and human resources are the core resources.From the perspective of university governance and management,the middle-level administrators are between the highest point of strategic decision-making and the core level of operation,which is one of the important forces for universities to improve the efficiency and competitiveness of organization and management.The attitudes,behaviors and results that they demonstrate in the process of achieving management goals,as well as the management efficiency,effectiveness and benefits obtained,are the comprehensive reflection of the management effectiveness of colleges and universities.Thus we need to explore the internal driving force from the perspective of positive psychology and organizational behavior.Psychological capital(Psy Cap)beyond human capital and social capital is a positive psychological state in the process of achieving management effectiveness,and also a core "driving force" resource for individuals and organizations to win competitive advantage.A new way to gain competitive advantage through Psy Cap has become a recognized fact that most organizations today do not give full play to the full potential of their human resources(Luthans et al.,2007).In the past decade,scholars at home and abroad have achieved fruitful results in the study of Psy Cap,which has developed from the research of enterprise employee management and economic performance to the research of cross-cultural and multi-field comprehensive efficiency.However,there is no literature on Psy Cap and its management effectiveness of middle-level administrators in colleges and universities,and both theory and practice are in blank.Therefore,based on the organizational culture field of different university governance structures,it is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the influence of middle-level administrators' Psy Cap on organizational citizenship behavior(OCB),job performance and other management effectiveness,and the moderating effect of different leaderhip styles.Research contents: Based on the theory of positive psychology and positive organizational behavior,this paper analyzes the measurement of Psy Cap of middle-level administrators in colleges and universities from the perspective of university governance and management practice,and revises and compiles the scale of localized Psy Cap by using the methods of literature analysis,questionnaire survey and econometric analysis;Based on the principles of management psychology and self-determination theory,this paper confirms the direct effect of Psy Cap of middle-level administrators on OCB and job performance(JP),as well as the transmission and intermediary effect of OCB;Based on social field theory,leadership style theory and organizational management situation theory,this paper discusses the regulatory effects of different types of universities,leadership styles and professional positions on the Psy Cap and management effectiveness of middle-level administrators.The results show that:(1)The University Middle-level Administrator Psy Cap Scale(UMAPS)is compiled.The Psy Cap of middle-level administrators in colleges and universities has new measurement,scale and significant characteristics.Literature analysis and empirical research show that the university middle-level administrator Psy Cap scale(U-MAPS)is composed of 17 items in six dimensions,including "Selfefficacy","Hopeful Persistence","Positive Optimism","Tough Resiliency","Iinclusive Forgiveness" and "Grateful Feelings".The total reliability Cronbach's ? coefficient of the U-MAPS is 0.932,and the sub-factor reliability is between 0.591 and 0.865.Through independent sample t-test and ANOVA variance test,Psy Cap and its dimensions of middle-level administrators in colleges and universities have significant demographic and organizational characteristics.(2)The main effect of Psy Cap on management effectiveness of middle-level administrators in colleges and universities has the internal influence mechanism of conduction and intermediary.According to the main effect principle of "Psychological?Behavior?Results",the positive and direct influence of Psy Cap on OCB and JP is demonstrated;"Self-efficacy","Hopeful Persistence","Inclusive Forgiveness" and "Grateful Feelings" of Psy Cap all have a significant positive impact on OCB,while "Tough Resiliency" and "Positive Optimism" have not significant impact on OCB.Except the "Positive Optimism" with no significant impact,the other five factors of Psy Cap have a positive impact on JP.(3)By using the sequential test and Sobel algorithm,and by SPSS22.0 new plug-in processsv3.2 program method,the overall mediating effect value of OCB on Psy Cap and JP is verified.Through the path weight comparison method of AMOS22.0 structural modeling,the mediating effect value of OCB is 0.330 from the dimensions of Grateful Feelings,Inclusive Forgiveness,Hopeful Persistence and Selfefficacy,which indicates that the cumulative mediating effect of the four dimensions of Psy Cap is greater.(4)In the group overall regression analysis,different positions have weak adjustment effects on the middle-level administrators' Psy Cap and its management effectiveness.Group regression analysis shows that different positions have weak moderating effects on the Psy Cap and management effectiveness of middle-level administrators.The Psy Cap of middle-level deputy has a significant impact on OCB and JP,and is greater than that of middle-level principal.According to the analysis of group and dimension multiple regression,the position has different regulating functions:Hopeful Persistence of the middle-level deputy have the strongest influence on OCB and JP;Grateful Feelings of the middle-level principal has the strongest influence on OCB,and Self-efficacy has the strongest influence on JP.(5)Different school leadership types have a regulating effect on the Psy Cap of middle-level administrators and their management effectiveness.The democratic leadership style adjustment effect is the most significant and universal.Specifically,the democratic leadership style has the greatest impact on Psy Cap and JP of the middle-level principal positions in subordinate universities;the autocratic leadership style has the greatest impact on Psy Cap and JP of the middle-level deputy positions in vocational and technical colleges;the laissez faire leadership style has significant impact on OCB and JP of the middle-level principal positions in provincial universities.There was no significant effect on middle-level positions both the principal and the deputy in private colleges and other institutions by different leadership styles.The main innovations are as follows:(1)Theoretical breakthroughs have been made in the study of Psy Cap localization,which expands two new dimensions of Psy Cap including Inclusive Forgiveness and Grateful Feelings.The U-MAP with six dimensions has been formed with higher reliability,better validity and more simple items,and the norm of U-MAPS has been established in China.(2)This paper empirically proves that Psy Cap and its related dimensions of middle-level administrators in colleges and universities have a direct positive effect on OCB and JP,and empirically demonstrates the incomplete mediating effect of OCB,which provides a theoretical basis for improving the management effectiveness through cultivating Psy Cap in the future.(3)This paper tests the variance significance of the middle-level administrator's Psy Cap in colleges and universities,and demonstrates the moderating effect of middle-level administrators' position,and school leadership style on Psy Cap and its management effectiveness.That is to say,there is a unique relationship between the dimensions of Psy Cap and OCB and JP about the middle-level principal and the middle-level deputy;there are adjustment weight differences in the influence path of the intermediary effect model among the authoritarian,democratic and laissez faire school leadership styles;the democratic leadership style adjustment effect is the most universal and effective.Thus,we can uncover the "black box" of the influence mechanism of different universities and different school leadership styles on the Psy Cap and management effectiveness of middle-level administrators in different positions through the classification,grouping,and stratified statistical regression.(4)According to the above conclusion of four types of universities,three types of leadership styles,two levels of middle positions and one best matching model,the paper constructs "MS-UMAP-ME" or "4321 Best Matching Model System" for middle-level administrators' Psy Cap and management effectiveness,which lays a foundation for further research on university management effectiveness in the future.Finally,based on all above research conclusions,this paper puts forward some suggestions and prospects for the management of middle-level administrators' Psy Cap in Chinese universities.The full text has 52 figures(charts),89 tables,271 references,and 6appendixes. |
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