The Analysis Of Five Land Management Modes In Rural China

The rural household contract system is a great creation of the socialist land management system with Chinese characteristics since the reform and opening up.With the continuous improvement of the domestic rural social and economic development level and the deepening of the reform of the market economy system,farmers around the country actively explore new land management modes,diversified cases continue to appear,and the development of rural household contract system has entered a new stage.Under the new trend of reform,how to classify the land management modes created by farmers? How to grasp the property right system basis and characteristics of these models? How to evaluate the management efficiency and land management efficiency of different models? How to analyze the long-term prospects of these models? These problems are very important.There are a lot of documents in domestic and overseas academic circles,but systematic comparative study is still a weak link.According to a large number of field research and theoretical thinking,according to the property right system and property right characteristics,we can divide the current domestic diversified rural land management activities into five basic modes,namely,small-scale farming management mode,the family farm management mode,the cooperative management mode,the corporate management mode and the collective management mode.On this basis,according to the theory of property rights and the theory of land rent,this paper constructs an analysis method of the efficiency of land management property rights,which is composed of structure incentive,operation benefit and transaction cost.It makes a comprehensive analysis and comparison of the five land management modes,explains the advantages and disadvantages of the operation of the five modes and the factors that restrict their sustainable development,and finally puts forward the improvement ideas and suggestions of feasibility and possibility.Through analysis and comparison,the following conclusions are drawn.Firstly,there is no absolute advantage in each land management mode.The political transaction cost and management transaction cost of the small-scale farming management model are low,and the market transaction cost is uncertain.The productivity has developed,but the space is limited.Generally,it can maintain a high land output rate and capital return rate,but the total space of capital return is limited.If small-scale farmers want to get higher profits on the small-scale land,they should make the land to be engaged in economic crop cultivation.The family farm management model represented by Songjiang family farm has achieved a high level of productivity development and land output rate,thus ensuring food security,but its political transaction cost and management transaction cost are high,and its capital return rate is low.The total amount of medium capital gains is maintained by higher financial subsidies.The cooperative operation mode can bring high level of productivity development,high land output rate,high capital return rate and medium total capital return,but its political transaction cost and management transaction cost are high.Rural economic elites and foreign capital subjects play a leading role in the mode of cooperative operation,reflecting the relationship between capital and labor employment to a certain extent.The company management model can promote the development of productivity faster in all management models,and the total space of capital gains is larger.However,the political transaction cost and management transaction cost are relatively high,the market transaction cost is relatively special,and the land output rate and capital return rate are relatively low,resulting in low profits in the planting link.The collective management mode can bring higher level of productivity development,capital return rate,total capital return and other social benefits.The market-oriented transaction cost is low,but its political transaction cost and management transaction cost are high.At the same time,under the collective management mode,the cultivated land appears to be non grain,mainly economic crops.Secondly,the scale of land management in a certain range is in direct proportion to the land rent,which in turn affects the capital return rate and the total capital return.There is the following basic relationship between land management scale and land rent.Within the scope of small business scale,the land rent remains unchanged and low.Beyond a certain scale,the land rent will gradually rise to the upper limit.After that,no matter how large the management scale is,the land rent may remain at the upper limit.The lower limit of land rent for economic crops is higher than that for food crops,and it starts to rise on a relatively small scale.Without considering other factors,there is a basic trend of higher rent and lower return on capital in rural land management,and the phenomenon of rent squeezing profit space is common.When the land rent reaches the upper limit,the rate of return on capital is zero,and administrative intervention can not prevent the rise of land rent.Therefore,the scale of land management is not always in direct proportion to the total capital gains.With the expansion of operation scale,the increase of total cost,management transaction cost,natural risk and market risk happen,and the land rent squeeze profits,there is a ceiling value of the total income of rural land management capital.Under normal circumstances,the scale of operation for economic crops to reach the upper limit of total capital income is smaller than that for food crops.Thirdly,there are key constraints to the sustainable development of each land management model.There are two common problems faced by all land management models,including the large gap between agricultural income and non-agricultural income and the rapid rise of agricultural production cost.In addition,the sustainability of the small-scale farming is restricted by the total capital gains.The commercialization of means of life and means of production forces the small-scale land management to be difficult to support the livelihood of families,and the labor forces which are difficult to obtain employment in urban or non-agricultural industries,the adjustment of land management product types and other incomes support small-scale agricultural management mode.The sustainability of family farm management mode is restricted by land rent and the management transaction cost caused by scale expansion.The success of Songjiang family farm model can not be separated from higher government financial subsidies.Land rent affects the return on capital.If family farms want to obtain higher total capital gains,they can expand the scale of land management,but they will face the increasing management transaction costs.The sustainability of cooperative management model is restricted by the heterogeneity of members and the management transaction cost.The cooperative theory requires that the cooperative should be an organization with more homogeneous members,but the cooperative in China's practice is a complex,in which small farmers,family farms,village collectives and companies may all live,and they can get what they need from this platform.The cooperative leader should be able to overcome the negative impact of member heterogeneity and the management transaction cost.The sustainability of the company management model is restricted by the cost of land rent and management transaction.The land rent of the company management model is relatively high,and the incentive and supervision of long-term employees should also be dealt with.The sustainability of the collective management model is restricted by the share-holding income distribution and the management transaction cost.Once the operation fails,the land management benefits cannot pay the rent and share-holding benefits,then the collective cooperatives may be dissolved.The income of cooperative managers is equal to that of long-term migrant workers,less than when they worked alone before.The cost of incentive and management is high.Fourthly,we can improve the rural land management model from four aspects.The first is to balance the interest relationship among the multiple subjects of rural land management.Small farmers,family farms,cooperatives and companies maintain independent production and operation decision-making rights,residual control rights and residual claim rights in land management.However,cooperation in the entire industrial chain can each obtain higher capital gains than non cooperation,which requires a proper interest balance mechanism.The second is to improve the agricultural socialized services suitable for different rural land management modes.Each land management mode is unlikely to internalize all the market-oriented transactions into management oriented transactions,and more or less requires certain agricultural socialized services.Too many internalized market transactions may have the problems of high cost and low utilization rate of mechanical equipment.Therefore,it is necessary to improve the socialized agricultural services suitable for different rural land management modes,including the socialized corporate agricultural services and the socialized collective agricultural services.The third is to timely guide the development of the land management mode of family farm and cooperative.The development of the land management mode of family farm and cooperative has two practical conditions,namely,the development level of productivity and the total demand of capital income have been greatly improved,and the rural production and life have shown a trend of separation.Social environment and the mode of production which are formed by productivity and production relations and their interaction have changed.Specifically,the change of rural land management mode requires that the superstructure or government function should also be adjusted accordingly.The government function should be changed from subsidy type to service type,including the following specific aspects.These are increasing capital investment in agricultural infrastructure and improving the construction mode of agricultural infrastructure to reduce the production cost of family farm and cooperative land management mode,strengthening the construction of rural grass-roots organizations to reduce the management transaction cost and market transaction of family farm and cooperative land management mode,giving more support and guidance to the land management mode of family farm and cooperative in terms of inclusive finance,new technology application and product processing and sales to increase the rate of return on capital.Fourthly,we should respect the farmers' autonomy in choosing the rural land management mode,including understanding the objective impact of the diversity of farmers' types on the choice of rural land management mode and giving full play to the positive role of regional planning services in the choice of rural land management mode.It may be a more adventurous attempt to generalize the five modes of rural land management in China with the efficiency of land management property rights and make a comprehensive comparative analysis of management efficiency and land management efficiency.This study hopes to make a breakthrough and innovation in promoting the in-depth study of rural land management mode in China.