Research On The Construction Of National Laboratories In China And America Based On Comparative Perspective

In the current era,world development is facing major changes unseen in a century.The scientific and technological revolution has entered a new round of development,accelerating the flow of global talent,information,capital and other production factors.The scientific and technological forces of various countries in the world are quietly changing.The scientific and technological revolution not only triggers changes in the global economy and society,each revolution process will inevitably change the distribution of power among major powers and reshape the world's power confrontation pattern.With the rapid rise of China's scientific and technological power,the US's technological hegemony has been challenged,and the scientific and technological game between China and the United States has repeatedly touched the nerves of scientific researchers.How to be in the leading position in the future scientific and technological competition,stimulate the innovative vitality of scientific research personnel,and improve the leading role of scientific and technological innovation for social development,all of which are inseparable from the support of first-class scientific research institutions,and national-level laboratories can play such a role.To meet the country's scientific and technological needs in different development periods.National-level laboratories,as an important manifestation of the science and technology game of big countries,provide a driving force for maintaining the country's scientific and technological competitiveness,and are also an important strategic guarantee for building a world scientific and technological power.The huge national laboratory system in the United States has gone through more than 80 years of development history and has accumulated successful management experience.It is also an important support to meet the country's global leadership in science and technology,and it is ahead of the world in terms of construction management innovation and scientific research strength.my country's national-level laboratories were built in areas of reform and opening up,and along with the continuous development and growth of my country's scientific and technological system reform,compared with the world's advanced level,there are still many shortcomings in terms of construction management experience,scientific and technological system innovation and scientific research strength.Therefore,the US national laboratory is used as a reference standard for in-depth comparison,to summarize the similarities and differences in the development of the laboratories of the two countries,to discover the commonalities and characteristics of the construction experience,to find the advantages and disadvantages in the comparison of scientific research strength,and to explore the national-level experiments with Chinese characteristics.It is of great significance to enrich the research results of national laboratories in our country to find experience and reference for the development of laboratories.Based on this,this article hopes to answer the following questions through research:(1)From the perspective of the development history of national laboratories in China and the United States,what different stages of development have the laboratories of the two countries have gone through,and the focus of each stage of construction What is it,what direction does the science and technology policy at each stage have for the development of laboratories,and what are the similarities and differences in the development of laboratories in the two countries?(2)From the perspective of the construction and operation of national laboratories in China and the United States,what are the characteristics of the Chinese and American national laboratories in terms of institutional system,construction positioning,resource elements,operation mode,and scientific research cooperation?What are the similarities and differences in the construction of laboratories in the United States and the United States?(3)From the perspective of the scientific research strength of the national laboratories in China and the United States,there is a gap in the scientific research strength of the two countries' laboratories in terms of the output,dominance,and influence of the ESI highly cited papers that reflect the highest level of scientific papers.How much what are the differences in characteristics based on document attribute data,and what are the effects of these differences on the output of papers in the laboratories of the two countries?This paper takes comparative research as a research perspective,focusing on the following research work:(1)A comparative analysis of the development of national laboratories in China and the United States.The development history of the national laboratories in the two countries is divided;combined with the policy background of the times,the development and construction process,discipline distribution characteristics,department and geographical distribution characteristics,construction effectiveness,and stage characteristics of the laboratories of the two countries are analyzed in depth.Understand the development and changes of national laboratories at each stage;summarize the similarities and differences in the development of laboratories in the two countries.(2)A comparative analysis of the characteristics of the construction of national laboratories in China and the United States.Sort out the characteristics of the construction of national laboratories in the two countries;summarize the commonalities and characteristics of the construction of national laboratories in China and the United States around the five aspects of institutional system,construction positioning,resource elements,operation mode,and scientific research cooperation.(3)Based on the ESI Highly Cited Paper Database,which currently represents the highest level of scientific and technological papers,a comparative analysis of the scientific research capabilities of national laboratories in China and the United States.Comprehensive use of bibliometrics,data mining,logistic regression model,multiple linear regression model and other statistical analysis tools,quantitative comparison from the perspectives of ESI high-cited paper output,international cooperation,influence,etc.,to clarify the national laboratories in China and the United States The difference in scientific research strength.In the end,through the comparative analysis of various aspects of national laboratories in China and the United States,this article draws the following conclusions:(1)Answered questions about the development history and stage characteristics of national laboratories in China and the United States.The national laboratories in China and the United States emerged from different era backgrounds and experienced completely different development processes.As the world's leading scientific research institution,the US national laboratory system emerged in the war years and safeguarding national security and national interests became its original intention.It has experienced five stages of development,and there have been two major controversies in the process.The development of the laboratory closely revolves around the U.S.national security strategy,the layout of discipline construction and the exploration of frontier scientific fields,especially during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union.The continuous increase in military funding has markedly militarized the research and development of the laboratory.In comparison,the development and construction of my country's national-level laboratory system started relatively late,and it has basically been synchronized with the development of my country's science and technology after the reform and opening up.It basically relies on key universities and various departments for operation and management,with materials science,engineering science and other projects.Main subject research.After experiencing a difficult start in the early stage of reform and opening up,the development of the laboratory has also moved towards market-oriented collaborative innovation with the continuous advancement of social economy,providing important technical services for national economic and social development,and showing rapid development in terms of development.The upward trend.(2)Answered questions about the characteristics and management experience of the construction and operation of national laboratories in China and the United States.Both Chinese and American national laboratories have common experience and their own characteristics in the construction and operation of laboratories.By analyzing the characteristics of the construction of typical national laboratories in China and the United States,the author found that the national laboratories in China and the United States have both commonality and individuality in terms of institutional system,construction positioning,resource elements,operation mode and scientific research cooperation.The rise of laboratories in China and the United States are in different era backgrounds.The two countries are at different nodes in the development stages of science and technology,economy,etc.,forming a national laboratory in the United States to explore the ultimate scientific problem of mankind,and my country's national experiment The office is mainly positioned to meet the needs of the national science and technology strategy.The different institutional systems of the two countries have also formed different laboratory management models.The United States emphasizes market participation as the main,government-led as the supplement,and the development of the laboratory system is mainly based on a "bottom-up" scientific and technological decision-making system;The main body of decision-making is concentrated,and the government's policy guidance is emphasized,and the laboratories mostly focus on the implementation of higherlevel science and technology policies.In addition,the laboratories of the two countries also have significant differences in the budget and allocation system of scientific research funds,the supervision body of the laboratories,and the selection and responsibilities of laboratory directors.(3)Answered questions about the scientific research capabilities of national laboratories in China and the United States in terms of the output of high-cited papers based on ESI.National laboratories in China and the United States each have their own advantages in scientific research strength.The United States maintains relative advantages in many aspects,and my country has made significant progress in the output of papers.The study found that China has obvious advantages in terms of total output and development growth based on the comparison of the output of highly cited papers;and the characteristics of the output of Chinese and American papers are analyzed through the association rule algorithm.It is found that the number of authors of 5 or more is the most important way of cooperation for the output of Chinese and American papers;the number of participating units in the output of Chinese papers is not significant,and when domestic funds are involved in funding,it will significantly increase the number of papers issued by the laboratories of the two countries.Based on the comparison of the dominance of highly cited papers,the U.S.has a higher dominance than China in collaborative papers between Chinese and American laboratories;China has a stronger dominance than the U.S.in the participation of Chinese and American laboratories in international collaborative papers.;In terms of the characteristics of the dominant position of Sino-US international collaborative papers,the flow of papers to the country has a positive impact on the dominant position of Sino-US international collaborative papers;The dominance of cooperative papers has a negative influence.In the comparison based on the influence of high-cited papers,the influence of the United States is stronger than that of China in terms of frequency of citations and impact factors;in terms of the characteristics of the influence of papers,the influence of high-cited papers in China and the United States is affected by the number of authors,The impact of publication time,the number of funding funds and other related factors;the number of authors,the number of funding funds,etc.,have a greater impact on the influence of China's highly cited papers than on the United States.The innovations of this research can be summarized into the following three aspects:(1)The construction and reform of scientific research institutions represented by national-level laboratories have been beneficially explored.The United States is the most powerful scientific and technological power in the world today,with abundant capital and first-class talent reserves.Numerous national laboratories have become the vanguard of its scientific research and development and have also become a solid guarantee for the national scientific and technological innovation force.The Federal National Laboratory System has a history of more than 70 years,and has accumulated fruitful management experience,and has a scientific management system and operating mechanism.Stones from other hills,can learn.It is very valuable to study the construction of the US federal national laboratory and its laws,and then explore the innovation of scientific research management mechanism.In order to break through the US technology blockade,it is valuable to explore the construction of my country's national laboratory system and the reform and innovation of scientific research institutions.(2)Expanded the application and practice of bibliometrics theory in science and technology evaluation.National laboratories are important scientific research institutions for basic research and original innovation.Science and technology papers are an important carrier that reflects the basic research work of a country or scientific research institution,as well as a major aspect of the scientific research strength of a country or scientific research institution.This article is based on databases such as ESI and JCR,from the perspective of highly cited papers,using the theoretical guidance of bibliometrics,through quantitative analysis of the scientific research strength of the national laboratories in China and the United States,it can further clarify the national laboratories of the two countries The status quo of development and the level of difference have tested the effectiveness of my country's national laboratory construction system.On the other hand,the bibliometrics theory takes scientific papers and various document data characteristics as the research object,and can realize the scientific evaluation of the scientific research dynamics such as the country or region,scientific research institutions,scholars and other disciplines,output quantity,influence changes,etc.Discuss the output of scientific and technological papers of laboratories in the two countries and their in-depth factors and laws.On the basis of filling the gaps in the quantitative research of national laboratories,gradually enrich the scientific research evaluation system of my country's national laboratories in order to guide policy practice.(3)Under the background of the new round of technological revolution,deepen the theory of the national innovation system,enrich the theoretical concept of the national innovation system,guide the implementation of government science and technology policies and system innovation,better participate in global science and technology governance,and realize the self-reliance of science and technology to promote our country The construction of high-level laboratory system provides new ideas.China's national laboratory system is rooted in a unique political and cultural background.It is different from any country in the world in terms of governance mode and operating mechanism and faces unique practical difficulties and development problems.On the basis of indepth research on the management experience of American national laboratories,we will not copy the American model,stick to the direction of socialism,explore the Chinese model based on useful experience,narrow the strength gap with the advanced level,and continue to explore national laboratories suitable for my country's national conditions.Management system and operating mechanism.