A Study On The Effect Of Land Transfer On Multi-dimentional Poverty Reduction And Its Heterogeneity

Since 1978,China vigorously promotes poverty alleviation and poverty reduction in rural areas,and the incidence of poverty fell to 1.7 percent in 2018.In 2020,China has fully made all poor farmers out of poverty under the current standards,meantime China has entered the post-2020 era of poverty reduction among rural farmers.The focus of poverty reduction in China has shifted from eradicating absolute poverty to alleviating relative poverty,from focusing on income poverty to multidimensional poverty,and from government-led poverty reduction to long-term system poverty reduction.For rural areas,the reform of the land system is the most important part of the rural revitalization and system reform.Land transfer will not only help to reduce income poverty,but also help farmers to achieve multi-dimensional ability to alleviate poverty.This thesis follows the logical idea of "problem raising-theoretical analysis-empirical test-policy system".Based on the dual perspectives of "institutional poverty alleviation" and "multidimensional poverty",this thesis attempts to construct a Multidimensional Poverty Index(MPI)that includes income and other multidimensional welfare indicators to explore the multidimensional poverty reduction effects,heterogeneity,and intermediate mechanisms of land transfer,and finally propose policies for building a multidimensional poverty reduction system and policy system in the post-2020 era.post-2020 era.Through research,following conclusions were reached:(1)Rural poverty should be multidimensional,and the measurement of poverty reduction effect of land circulation should take into account the multidimensional attribute of poverty.The multidimensional poverty evaluation index system includes not only income poverty,but also other welfare indicators,such as income,health,education,living conditions,social security and assets.On the basis of the theory of multidimensional poverty measurement proposed by the Alkire and Foster(2007)and the discussion of the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP),this thesis focuses on the construction of a rural multidimensional poverty evaluation system which includes six primary indicators,including income,health,education,living conditions,social security and assets,as well as 17 secondary indicators.At the same time,through literature and logical reasoning,it is believed that land transfer not only helps to promote the scale effect of agricultural land and improve the efficiency of agricultural production,but also helps to release rural labor force,realize the spatial optimal allocation of labor force and help to achieve multidimensional capacity poverty reduction.(2)There is a multidimensional poverty reduction effect in land transfer.The empirical test consists of four parts:(1)multidimensional evaluation index system construction and measurement.With A-F method,this thesis assigns the weight to the index based on the equal weight assignment method and the principal component analysis method(PCA).the multidimensional poverty index(MPI)and multidimensional poverty dummy variables(MPI033?MPI025 and MPI050)were calculated under different poverty identification criteria(1/3,1/4 or 1/2).it was found that the average incidence of poverty reached 38.8% in the multidimensional poverty index calculation based on the principal component analysis method(PCA).At the k of 1/4,1/3 and 1/2,the incidence of multidimensional poverty reached 87.3%,67.9% and 17.9% respectively.As the threshold of multidimensional poverty k increased,the incidence of multidimensional poverty gradually decreased.(2)The multidimensional poverty reduction average treatment effect based on PSM land transfer(ATT).average treatment effects(ATT)based on radius matching and kernel matching were significantly-0.071 and-0.063,respectively,with significant conclusions.(3)Multidimensional analysis of factors affecting poverty based on Logit model.As a result,the marginal effects of land transfer were-0.6350,-0.6256 and-0.8212 under different criteria K the threshold of poverty occurrence(1/3,1/4,1/2).Compared with non-land transfer farmers,the probability of multidimensional poverty of land transfer households decreased by 36.5%,37.5% and 17.8%,respectively.(3)The transfer of agricultural land has an impact on the multidimensional poverty index through the dimensions of income,health,education,life,social security and assets.With the average effect model,income,living and social security poverty varied before and after land transfer without health and education poverty.Through PSM-Logit regression,it is found that land transfer significantly reduced income,living,social security and asset poverty,while the influence of land transfer on health and education poverty was not significant.(4)The impact of the transfer-out and transfer-in of agricultural land on multi-dimensional poverty index and poverty scores in all dimensions is heterogeneous.The average treatment effect showed that the multi-dimensional poverty index of land transferred-in households(experimental group)and non-land transferred-in households(control group)was 0.6247 and 0.6707,respectively,a significant reduction by about 7.5%.The multidimensional poverty indexes of farmland transfers-out(experimental group)and non-land transferred-out(control group)were 0.5271 and0.6359,respectively,with a significant decrease by about 17%.The poverty reduction effect of farmland transfer-in(0.109)was significantly higher than that of farmland transfer-out(0.046).Based on the principal component analysis weight empowerment and average weight empowerment,PSM-DID regression was taken to test the effect of farmland land out.It is found that farmland land out significantly reduce income poverty,life poverty,social security poverty and asset poverty,etc.,and health poverty and education poverty failed to pass the significance level test.The transfer-in of agricultural land only realizes multi-dimensional poverty reduction by significantly reducing social security poverty and asset poverty,but does not play a significant role in income poverty,health poverty,education poverty and living poverty.To release multidimensional poverty reduction effect of land circulation,it is necessary to :(1)Promoting multi-dimensional measurement of farmers' poverty from the perspective of farmers' development.Each place needs to construct the scientific multi-dimensional poverty identification system according to the local economic situation.It is an important premise and foundation to establish a scientific land circulation poverty alleviation system to improve statistical methods and innovative identification system,to provide data support and decision support for the implementation of precision poverty alleviation,and to provide characteristic data for poverty alleviation policy evaluation.(2)Optimizing farmers' poverty alleviation policies from the perspective of land circulation.Considering the multi-dimensional poverty reduction differences of different land circulation modes,the combination of government leading and market leading is adopted to form the multi-dimensional poverty reduction efficiency of land circulation by government leading and planning the scale,function and duration of land circulation,matching the circulation subject and price with the market.(3)Improve the construction of rural land circulation market.On the one hand,it is necessary to continuously improve the intermediary functions of the rural land circulation market in the circulation information release,transaction negotiation,transaction execution,transaction dispute handling,and so on,so as to continuously reduce the land transaction friction and disputes,and effectively reduce the cost of land circulation.Secondly,we should innovate rural financial services,constantly develop financial products that conform to the law of land circulation,provide effective financing for the main body of land circulation,realize the accurate matching of land and funds,and improve the efficiency of land circulation.(4)Improve the rural social security system and system of Job-hunting support.On the one hand,it is necessary to further improve the system of rural old-age insurance,social relief,minimum living security,medical insurance,and so on,so as to promote rural land circulation with perfect and sound social security;on the other hand,it is necessary to strengthen the training of employment skills of land transfer farmers and improve their non-agricultural employment ability.(5)Develop an industrial policy system conducive to multidimensional poverty reduction.On the one hand,it is necessary to innovate and develop agricultural pro-poor industries,encourage farmers to innovate the product value,production operation mode of agricultural pro-poor industries through preferential industrial policies,and realize agricultural transformation and upgrading and increase income and poverty reduction;on the other hand,we should strengthen the linkage and coordination of urban-rural industrial policies to promote the complementary development of urban-rural industries and urban-rural integration.