| Under the realistic background of the high idle rate of rural homesteads and the prominent contradiction between supply and demand of urban and rural construction land,the implementation of the policy of paid and voluntary withdrawal of homesteads is the only way to improve the allocation of rural land resources,increase farmers’ income,and achieve rural revitalization.As the most important participant and the most direct stakeholder in the homestead exit policy,whether farmers can optimize their family’s livelihood capital,promote non-agricultural employment,reduce poverty and increase income,and improve their subjective sense of gain in the process is to test the effect of the policy and system.an important measure of sustainability.At present,the first round of homestead system reform has come to a successful conclusion,and the second round of homestead reform is progressing steadily.As a key exploration under the background of "separation of powers",the policy of paid withdrawal of homesteads is still unclear,and its impact on the welfare trend and livelihood of farmers is still unclear.The comprehensive impact of objective welfare such as poverty and subjective welfare such as sense of gain and satisfaction.In this context,this paper attempts to answer whether the withdrawal of homesteads can help improve the capital stock and structure of farmers’ livelihoods? Does it have a role in promoting non-agricultural employment for farmers?What is the poverty reduction effect and internal mechanism of homestead withdrawal?Can the withdrawal of homestead improve farmers’ subjective sense of gain? What factors restrict farmers’ satisfaction with the policy of homestead withdrawal? By answering the above questions,it has important theoretical value for systematically evaluating the policy effect of homestead withdrawal,clarifying the internal mechanism of the impact of homestead withdrawal on farmers,and further discussing the policy implications of promoting sustainable livelihoods and improving farmers’ welfare.On the basis of sorting out relevant literature on homestead withdrawal at home and abroad,this paper constructs a theoretical analysis framework for the impact of homestead withdrawal on farmers based on farmers’ behavior theory,sustainable livelihood theory,dual structure theory and welfare economics theory.Summarizes the change course of the macro system of homestead.Using 816 field survey data from the first batch of housing reform pilot projects in Jinzhai County,Anhui Province,a descriptive statistical analysis was carried out on the livelihood characteristics of microfarmer households and the characteristics of homestead exit.This paper conducts an empirical analysis on the impact of vulnerability,sense of gain and policy satisfaction,and puts forward targeted policy suggestions from the dual perspectives of improving farmers’ welfare and improving the reform of the homestead system,in order to improve the reform of the homestead system,promote farmers’ income,and promote Rural revitalization provides theoretical reference and practical support.The main conclusions of this study are as follows:(1)By sorting out the changes of the homestead system,the reform of the homestead system in my country has gone through the exploration period and the first round of pilot reform,and is trying the second round of homestead pilot reform focusing on exploring the paid withdrawal of homesteads.A relatively complete homestead withdrawal and compensation mechanism has been initially formed.From a macro perspective,it has achieved good economic and social effects on policy goals such as improving farmers’ welfare,improving farmers’ participation,and easing construction land shortages.However,for the main body of micro-farmers,there are still real situations such as the increase of hidden consumption costs of households after withdrawal,the limited degree of income growth of farmers,and the low overall policy satisfaction of farmers who withdraw from homesteads.How to achieve the unification of macro and micro goals and organically combine the reform of the homestead system with the improvement of farmers’ welfare is a key issue that needs to be solved urgently in the process of policy implementation.(2)The exit of homestead has the effect of optimizing livelihood capital.The exit of homestead significantly increases the livelihood capital stock of farmers and improves the livelihood capital structure of farmers.Based on the calculation of the livelihood capital of farmers in the sample area,there are significant differences in human capital,natural capital,physical capital and financial capital between the farmers in the homestead exit group and the farmers in the non-exit group.The empirical test further shows that the withdrawal of homestead has a significant impact on the human capital,natural capital,physical capital and financial capital of farmers.In addition to reducing natural capital,all of them promote the improvement of farmers’ livelihood capital at the level of 5% and above,the results are still robust after changing the model test.In addition,the withdrawal of homestead can significantly improve the livelihood capital structure of rural households,make the distribution of livelihood capital more reasonable,and enhance the ability of coordinated development within the family.From the perspective of heterogeneity,the improvement of the livelihood capital structure of the poor households by the exit of the homestead is significantly higher than that of the nonpoor households,which has the characteristics of "pro-poor";The improvement effect of the livelihood capital structure is the most obvious,and the impact on the coupling coordination degree of the livelihood capital of non-agricultural farmers is the least.(3)The withdrawal of homestead has a significant non-agricultural employment effect,which can improve the non-agricultural employment decision-making and nonagricultural employment intensity of farmers.The impact on the quality of nonagricultural employment is not obvious in the whole sample of farmers.In terms of nonagricultural employment decision-making,after eliminating the endogenous interference,the withdrawal of homestead will promote farmers’ non-agricultural employment decision-making and employment decision-making at the level of 1%,and has no significant impact on farmers’ entrepreneurship decision-making;in terms of nonagricultural employment intensity,the withdrawal of homestead There is a self-selection problem in the impact on the non-agricultural employment intensity of farmers.After using the endogenous treatment effect model,the exit of homestead significantly increases the number of non-agricultural employment of farmers,the proportion of nonagricultural employment in the household labor force and the proportion of nonagricultural income;In terms of the quality of agricultural employment,the withdrawal of homesteads has no significant impact on the employment stability of the entire sample of farmers,but for some farmers who have withdrawn from their homesteads,the withdrawal of homesteads will improve their employment stability.The ATT effect of homestead withdrawal on the job replacement frequency of the whole sample is not significant,but ATET is significant.For the part of farmers who quit their homesteads,quitting their homesteads can significantly improve their job satisfaction.In addition,the non-agricultural employment effect of homestead withdrawal is heterogeneous.From the perspective of non-agricultural employment decision-making,the promotion of homestead withdrawal on poor households is more obvious.From the perspective of nonagricultural employment intensity and non-agricultural employment quality,homestead Withdrawal has a more significant impact on non-poor households.(4)The withdrawal of homestead has the effect of reducing poverty and increasing income,which can significantly increase the per capita net income of rural households and reduce the poverty vulnerability of rural households.By constructing the evaluation index system of farmers’ participation ability in the sample area,it was found that the comprehensive participation ability of farmers showed a "double-peak" distribution,and the degree of differentiation was not obvious.Property rights cognition,emotional cognition and risk cognition will reduce farmers’ subjective participation ability,information acquisition ability,risk response ability and urban integration ability will significantly improve farmers’ objective participation ability,and farmers’ participation ability will significantly affect their homestead exit decision-making.The withdrawal of homestead has increased the per capita net income of farmers at a significant level of 1%.When farmers withdraw from their homestead,their income can increase by 25.72%.The exit of homestead significantly reduces the poverty vulnerability of rural households by0.0663 and 0.2284 units respectively under the two poverty line standards.With the increase of the poverty line standard,this poverty reduction effect is more obvious.In addition,the poverty reduction effect of homestead withdrawal on poor households is significantly higher than that on non-poor households,which also shows a relatively obvious “pro-poor” feature.From the analysis of the impact path,the exit of homestead affects the poverty vulnerability of farmers by changing their livelihood capital stock.In the process of poverty reduction on homesteads,human capital,natural capital,physical capital and financial capital all play a partial intermediary role,and the intermediary path of social capital is not significant.(5)The withdrawal of homestead has the policy disclosure effect,which can significantly enhance the subjective sense of gain of farmers.Procedural fairness plays a positive moderating role in the influence path of farmers’ sense of gain on policy satisfaction.Combined with Maslow’s hierarchy needs theory and the national poverty alleviation index,the evaluation index system of farmers’ sense of gain is established,and the subjective welfare effect of homestead withdrawal on improving farmers’ sense of gain is tested.No matter what matching method is adopted,the impact of homestead withdrawal on farmers’ sense of physiological gain,safety gain,social gain,respect gain,self-realization gain and comprehensive gain is positive and significant at the 1% level.The impact of homestead withdrawal on farmers’ sense of acquisition is heterogeneous between poor and non-poor households,and the improvement effect on poor households is more obvious.Farmers’ sense of gain has a positive impact on policy satisfaction,and it is significant at the 1% level.In addition,procedural fairness also has a significant impact on farmers’ policy satisfaction.In the "before","during" and "after" policy implementation,procedural fairness will affect farmers’ satisfaction with the policy.Among them,whether to reach consensus with farmers and follow the negotiated resettlement compensation method has a positive moderating effect on the path of farmers’ sense of acquisition affecting their satisfaction,and passed the robustness test of sub-sample regression.Based on the above research conclusions,this paper puts forward relevant policy suggestions for improving the reform of the homestead system from four aspects:optimizing farmers’ livelihood capital,promoting farmers’ non-agricultural employment,reducing farmers’ poverty vulnerability and enhancing farmers’ subjective sense of gain,in order to optimize rural land resources.The policy goals of allocation and the livelihood goals of improving farmers’ welfare provide theoretical support and decisionmaking reference. |
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