| The rural land system is the most fundamental arrangement of production relations and the basic system of the state.It is also the basic issue of comprehensively deepening reform in the new era.In the early days of the founding of New China,the rural land system went through two stages of private ownership and collective ownership by farmers.After the reform and opening up,the household contract responsibility system,which began to be explored and implemented in 1978,has gradually evolved into the current two-tier management system based on household contract management and a combination of unification and division.This system is oriented by the efficiency of resource allocation,and its major institutional performance is mainly to liberate and improve rural productivity,solve the problem of feeding the people of the country with a large population,and promote the historical process of reform and opening up.With the continuous improvement of agricultural productivity since the reform and opening up,this arrangement of production relations began to restrict the development of productivity because of family production,decentralized management and lack of scale.In the process of coordinated promotion of new agricultural modernization and industrialization,urbanization and urban-rural integrated development,the contradiction between people and land in rural areas is becoming more and more prominent,and the appropriate scale use of land is becoming more and more urgent.The process of citizenization of rural migrant population,industrialization and urbanization also needs to be accelerated,and a new round of rural land system reform is imminent.Under the background of the "three rights separation" reform of rural land,the voluntary and paid withdrawal reform of contracted rural land management right(referred to as the withdrawal reform of rural land contract right in this study)has been piloted in recent years.Based on relevant literature views,it can be seen that the withdrawal reform of agricultural land contract right is a realistic demand for the citizenization of the migrant agricultural population and the appropriate mass agricultural production and operation,an inevitable path for the smooth progress of industrialization and urbanization,and an inevitable requirement for deepening the reform of the land system and cracking the dual structure of urban and rural areas.Before 2015,because of the farmland contract right withdrawal reform policy of our country has long been unclear,and the related research is weak.Since 2015,relevant national policies have been introduced intensively,including those from the legal level.Relevant researches are mainly based on the perspectives of citizenization of the migrant agricultural population,appropriate scale operation of agriculture,industrialization and urbanization construction,breaking the urban-rural dual structure,and integrated development of urban and rural areas.The withdrawal basis,withdrawal willingness and current situation of the farmland contract right are analyzed and studied.The study also explores the factors influencing farmers’ willingness to withdraw,the choice of models,compensation methods,and policy guarantees.Through literature analysis and review,this study finds that from the perspective of policy and regulation revision and pilot empirical model promotion,further research and exploration are still needed from five aspects: firstly,it innovatively carries out research and exploration on prudently expanding the groups participating in the reform of rural land contract right withdrawal;secondly,it innovatively clarifies the influence weight of social security factors on farmers’ intention to return to land;thirdly it innovatively puts forward a differentiated exit mode suitable for different regions and situations based on the influencing factors and compensation methods of farmers’ land retreat intention;fourthly it carries out innovative research and exploration on the influence of rural funeral customs on land retreat intention;fifthly,it innovatively caries out the research and exploration of the steps to advance the reform of rural land contract right.This study is based on the theory of institutional change,the theory of land property rights,the theory of urban-rural dual economic structure,etc.The main data comes from the micro survey data of 1012 farmers in 17 counties and districts of 11 provincial cities across the country.First of all,the characteristics of farmers,their willingness to withdraw from land contracting rights and the choice of compensation methods for their land were explored in general,and the correlation between farmers’ willingness to withdraw from their land and the characteristics of farmers,the level of local economic development and the reform of rural funeral system was further analyzed statistically,as well as the differences of farmers with different characteristics and farmers in different regions in choosing compensation methods for withdrawal from their land.It lays a foundation for the subsequent empirical study on the influencing factors of farmers’ land contract right withdrawal willingness and the influencing factors of the withdrawal compensation mode selection.Secondly,through the construction of the theoretical analysis framework of the impact mechanism of land contract right withdrawal,the relevant research hypothesis is proposed,and the orderly logit model and the intermediary effect model analyze the influencing factors of farmers’ land contract right withdrawal willingness and the impact mechanism of land contract right withdrawal.Thirdly,by constructing diversified land contract right exit compensation mechanism and conducting theoretical analysis,relevant research hypothesis is proposed,and disordered logit model is used to analyze the behavior of farmers’ land contract right withdrawal compensation mode selection.Finally,through the comparison and characteristics of the withdrawal mode of the reform pilot,the policy effect of the withdrawal reform of the rural land contract right was evaluated,and the withdrawal mode and construction path of the rural land contract right in different regions and situations were explored.The main research conclusions include four aspects:Firstly,there is a realistic basis for further deepening the reform of the land system and promoting the reform of the withdrawal of farmland contract rights.On the whole,the degree of farmers’ taking part-time jobs is relatively high while the proportion of agricultural income is relatively low.However,the cultivated land owned by the farmers is seldom circulated or withdrawn.This indicates that with the development of industrialization and urbanization,a large number of rural labor force has been transferred,and more and more farmers have left the countryside for non-agricultural employment.On the other hand,farmers have "left the countryside",but haven’t "withdrawn from their land",and the contradiction between people and land has become increasingly prominent.Therefore,it is urgent to further deepen the reform of the land system and promote the withdrawal reform of the agricultural land contract right.Secondly,the characteristics of farmers,land characteristics,burial mode selection and reform,rural social security system and the level of regional economic development will significantly affect the withdrawal willingness of farmers’ land contract right.The elderly farmers have a lower willingness to withdraw from their land,while those with higher annual income and urban housing have a higher willingness to withdraw from their land.In the absence of effective land withdrawal compensation mechanism,cultivated land transfer income will significantly inhibit farmers’ willingness to withdraw from their land.When rural funerals have to be buried in their own contracted land,farmers’ willingness to withdraw from their land will be significantly reduced.Farmers in areas where the funeral system is reformed are more willing to withdraw from the land.In the rural social security system,participation in the new rural social security will significantly improve farmers’ withdrawal willingness,while participation in the new rural Cooperative Medical Association will significantly reduce their withdrawal willingness.Farmers in economically developed areas have a relatively high willingness to withdraw from their land contract right,which indicates that the more developed the economy is,the weaker the survival guarantee function of agricultural land and farmers’ consciousness are,and the more conducive it is to releasing the willingness to withdraw from land.In addition,the degree of part-time employment of the household heads,the household medical expenditure,and the annual non-agricultural income of the household have a partial mediating effect on the factors influencing the withdrawal willingness of the household’s land contract right.Thirdly,the differences of individual characteristics of farmers,family characteristics of farmers,land characteristics and regional economic development level will significantly affect the choice of land withdrawal compensation mode.The older generation of farmers have a high degree of dependence on land survival and are more inclined to get a stable social security after land withdrawal compensation.Young farmers are less dependent on land and are more willing to accept cash compensation and urban housing and employment compensation.If families have urban housing,they are not willing to choose the withdrawal compensation modes of "contracted land for social security compensation" and "contracted land for urban housing employment compensation".If there are old people in the family,they are more willing to choose the withdrawal compensation mode of "contracted land for social security compensation" and "contracted land for stock compensation".If there are no old people,they are more willing to choose the withdrawal compensation modes of "contracted land for cash compensation" and "contracted land for urban housing employment".The more developed the regional economy,the more willing farmers are to choose the withdrawal compensation modes of "contracted land in exchange for social security compensation" and "contracted land in exchange for stock compensation".Fourthly,following the law of breaking the dual structure of urban and rural areas,the withdrawal reform path of agricultural land contract right is designed to be suitable for the "double echelon" promotion plan.Based on the empirical study on the factors influencing the withdrawal willingness of agricultural land contract right and the withdrawal compensation modes,as well as the comparative analysis and characteristic identification of the withdrawal practice cases of 7 pilot counties,this study believes that three withdrawal modes suitable for different regions and situations are respectively "old-age insurance with land for developed suburbs" mode,"general rural and urban linkage" mode,and "remote rural area financial pooling" mode.The "double echelon" promotion plan of the reform path design means to grasp the right opportunity for the implementation of reform measures according to the level of economic and social development,from suburban rural areas to general rural areas and remote rural areas,and from developed areas to general areas and less developed areas.Based on theoretical research,practical investigation,and model regression,this thesis,combining the analysis of pilot reform experiences,models and policy effects and existing problems,puts forward policy recommendations for farmland contractual rights withdrawal reform from six aspects.Firstly,we should establish a systematic policy mechanism for farmland contractual rights reform.A special repayment fund should be set up for voluntary withdrawal of farmland contractual rights jointly financed by the state and local finance.We should also establish a systematic promotion mechanism of "voluntary withdrawal according to law,financial repayment,expansion of groups,county and township overall planning,pension security,and public funeral";Secondly,we should improve the policy mechanism for prudently expanding the groups participating in the reform of the withdrawal of contractual rights to agricultural land.While guiding and supporting farmers who have settled in urban areas to voluntarily withdraw their land for compensation,elderly farmers over 60 years of age,widows,and orphans in rural areas and farmers who have lost the ability to farm should be included as additional reform participants.Thirdly,we should improve the policy mechanism for prudently expanding the scope of withdrawal and transfer of contractual rights to agricultural land.The scope of withdrawal and transfer should be expanded from within the village to the rural households of other village collective economic organizations with the ability to pay in the township or county.Fourthly,we should improve the policy mechanism of adjusting the basic pensions of farmers who have withdrawn from land with reference to the cost of living in the same area,and to gradually increase the basic pensions of farmers aged over 60,widows and orphans in rural areas and farmers who have lost the ability to farm,so as to gradually weaken the function of land as a guarantee of survival for farmers and to relieve the worries of farmers who have withdrawn from land.Fifth,we should improve the policy mechanism for the reform of rural funeral customs,summarize and popularize the pilot work experience of rural funeral reform,accelerate the construction of public welfare collective cemeteries based on towns and villages,solve the concerns of farmers for afterlife,and release the potential willingness to withdraw from the right to contract agricultural land.Sixth,we should maintain strategic focus and historical patience to build a "double-echelon" path of rural land contract right withdrawal reform,set suburban rural areas and developed areas as reform leading areas,traditional rural areas and general areas as reform advancing areas,remote rural areas and less developed areas as reform radiation areas,and promote "doubleechelon" reform alternately,namely,from suburban rural areas to general agricultural areas and remote agricultural areas,from developed areas to general areas and less developed areas. |
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