| With the steady development of economy and society,China’s social productivity has achieved a historic leap.While promoting the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure,the state has continuously increased its emphasis on people’s livelihood and well-being.Old-age security is an important part of people’s livelihood and well-being.As an important measure to protect the life of the elderly in their later years,with the continuous deepening of China’s aging population,it has attracted much attention.Compared with cities,the reform and optimization of rural old-age security is urgent.This urgency is manifested in the mismatch between the old-age pressure brought by the more severe aging and aging trend in rural areas and the old-age resources owned by rural areas.In 2021,the National Health and Health Commission published the National Bulletin on the Development of Aging in 2020,which showed that in 2020,the proportion of rural population aged 60 and over in China was 23.81%,and the proportion of population aged 65 and over was 17.72%,which was much higher than that of cities(15.82%and 11.11%).The aging in urban and rural areas showed the characteristics of inversion.At the same time,the elderly in rural areas are facing more prominent problems such as poverty,aging internal age structure and disability and semi-disability.The total demand for rural old-age security is larger and the structure is more complicated.However,the resources for the aged in rural areas are not as good as those in cities,and they are characterized by structural imbalance in terms of funds,services and talents.The utilization of limited resources has not reached the optimal level,and the contradiction between supply and demand of rural old-age security is more prominent.Therefore,based on the above realistic background,how to adjust and optimize the resources of rural old-age security,such as funds,services and talents,has become an important research topic at present,which is of great practical significance to better meet the basic old-age needs of rural elderly and improve their quality of life.In the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2017,the strategy of rural revitalization was clearly put forward.Since then,the central government has continuously increased its investment in rural resources,which has provided a new development opportunity for the practice and exploration of rural old-age security in China while realizing the leap-forward development of rural economy and society.Many guiding documents of rural revitalization strategy,such as "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Implementing Rural Revitalization Strategy" and "Opinions on Promoting Rural Revitalization in an All-round Way and Accelerating Agricultural and Rural Modernization",have paid attention to and planned the contents of rural old-age security,and Report to the 20th CPC National Congress has made important arrangements for rural revitalization and old-age security,which has promoted the rapid development of rural old-age security in China in many aspects.In view of this,based on the new public management theory,welfare pluralism theory,social equity theory and social exchange theory,and from the perspective of rural revitalization,this paper analyzes the current situation and evaluates the effect of the "three resources"(funds,services and talents)of rural old-age security,and builds an integrated mechanism of rural old-age security in line with the concept of combining self-help,mutual assistance and public assistance,so as to improve the level of rural old-age security in China and explore a new road of rural old-age security in China.This paper studies the "three resources" and the construction of integration mechanism of rural old-age security in China from the perspective of rural revitalization.The main work and research results are as follows:First,summarize and summarize the existing research literature.Focusing on the definition of the connotation of old-age security and the "three resources" funds,services and talents)of old-age security,this paper sorts out and systematically summarizes the research literature,and comprehensively comments on the contributions and shortcomings of the existing research results.Clearly define the concepts of rural elderly,"three resources" of old-age security,rural revitalization,self-help,mutual assistance and public assistance,and integration mechanism,and elaborate and analyze the theoretical basis of this paper.Based on this,the research goal of this article is clarified,and the theoretical framework and internal logic of this article are designed and explained.Second,sort out and analyze the development process of rural old-age security in China.Based on the integration of self-help,mutual assistance and public assistance,this paper divides the development of rural old-age security in China into five stages,namely,passive self-help and decentralized mutual assistance as the leading stage(1949-1977),passive self-help and local public assistance as the leading stage(1978-1999)and comprehensive public assistance and decentralized mutual assistance as the leading stage(2000-2008).Based on this,this paper analyzes the internal logic of the evolution of China’s rural old-age security,which is embodied in the following aspects:from emphasizing single subject responsibility to multi-subject coordination,from pursuing wide coverage to structural optimization,and from decentralized security to multi-dimensional security coexistence,etc.,and lays a theoretical and practical foundation for evaluating China’s rural old-age security "three resources"and constructing China’s rural old-age security integration mechanism.Third,the combination of theory and empirical analysis of China’s rural old-age security "three resources" financial security.From the perspective of rural revitalization,based on the concept of combining self-help,mutual assistance and public assistance,this paper divides the fund composition of rural old-age security in China,which is embodied in three parts:old-age insurance with mutual assistance concept,old-age assistance and welfare with public assistance concept,personal pension with self-help concept and family internal economic support,and describes and analyzes its practical status.Based on this,this paper evaluates the implementation effect of rural old-age security funds in China.This chapter takes the life satisfaction that can reflect the overall living conditions of the rural elderly as the result variable,and takes the controversial and exploratory social endowment insurance as an example to explore the influence of social endowment insurance on the satisfaction of the rural elderly by constructing logit model,and makes robustness test,mechanism analysis and heterogeneity analysis.It is found that social endowment insurance can significantly improve the life satisfaction of the rural elderly.The results of mechanism analysis show that the consumption expenditure level of the elderly is an important intermediary channel for the pension amount to affect the life satisfaction of the rural elderly.Heterogeneity analysis shows that,for the rural elderly in the eastern region with more developed economy,the amount of pension insurance has a more significant role in promoting life satisfaction,but it is not significant in the central,western and northeastern regions with weaker economic level,and the regional differences are obvious;The amount of pension insurance for the elderly aged 70-80 can significantly improve their life satisfaction,which is significantly higher than that of 60-70 years old and over 80 years old,and the age difference is obvious.Based on the results of empirical analysis,it is further found that although the fund guarantee in the "three resources" of rural old-age security in China has achieved certain results,there are some problems in top-level design,practical operation and guarantee level.Fourth,the service guarantee of "three resources" of rural old-age security in China is evaluated by combining theory with demonstration.From the perspective of rural revitalization,based on the concept of combining self-help,mutual assistance and public assistance,this paper divides the composition of rural old-age security services in China,which is embodied in social services within families and socialized old-age services,including community home-based old-age services,institutional old-age services and mutual old-age services,and describes and analyzes their practical status.Based on this,this paper evaluates the implementation effect of rural old-age security service in China.This chapter takes the life satisfaction that can reflect the overall living conditions of the rural elderly as the result variable,and takes the representative and popularized community home-based aged care service as an example to explore the influence of community home-based aged care service on the life satisfaction of the rural elderly by constructing logit model,and makes robustness test,mechanism analysis and heterogeneity analysis.It is found that community home care service can significantly improve the life satisfaction of rural elderly.The results of mechanism analysis show that community home care service will improve the life satisfaction of rural elderly by improving their mental health level(depression level)and physical health level(daily living ability).Heterogeneity analysis shows that the community home-based care service can improve the life satisfaction of the elderly with lower education level than the rural elderly with higher education level,and the education level is obviously different;Community home-based care for the aged can improve the life satisfaction of the rural elderly who do not live with their children,and the living arrangements are obviously different.Community home-based care for the aged can improve the life satisfaction of the rural elderly with chronic diseases more than those without chronic diseases,and the health difference is obvious.Based on the results of empirical analysis,it is further found that the service guarantee in the"three resources" of rural old-age security in China has achieved certain results,but it needs to be improved in top-level design,family service and social service.Fifth,comprehensively evaluate the talent guarantee of the "three resources" of rural old-age security in China.From the perspective of rural revitalization,based on the concept of combining self-help,mutual assistance and public assistance,this paper divides the talent composition of rural old-age security in China,which is embodied in three parts:the elderly themselves and their family members with the concept of self-help,the social service personnel with the concept of mutual assistance and the government’s purchase of services with the concept of public assistance.Based on this,this paper makes an all-round analysis of the composition,talent cultivation policy and talent guarantee effect of rural old-age security talents in China.It is found that,in terms of composition content,the elderly themselves and their family members present two characteristics:emotional support and free,continuity and discontinuity;social service personnel with mutual aid concept present two characteristics:dispersion and concentration,public welfare and low compensation;government-purchased services with public assistance concept are mainly divided into pension service personnel and management personnel,both of which present the characteristics of low overall quality of talents.Generally speaking,there is a complementary interactive relationship between the contents of the rural old-age security talent structure;At the level of talent cultivation policy,the cultivation of aged care service talents tends to be regularly trained by training institutions;On the evaluation level of talent guarantee effect:in terms of quantity,there is a big gap between the number of nursing staff for the aged and the number of managers;From the quality point of view,the old-age security talents are characterized by weak professionalism,older age,lower education level and single service content in terms of vocational skill level,age,education situation and service content,which can not match the service demand.Based on the above analysis and research results,this paper finds that although the talent guarantee in the "three resources" of China’s old-age security has achieved certain results,it still needs to be improved in terms of quantity,quality,welfare and career prospects.Sixth,it puts forward some ideas on the construction of the integration mechanism of rural old-age security in China.Based on the perspective of rural revitalization strategy,this paper comprehensively analyzes and judges the policy environment,social environment,economic environment and internal environment in which the integrated mechanism of rural old-age security in China is built.It is found that the integrated mechanism of rural old-age security in China has a solid economic and social foundation,and its internal organizational environment also provides a strong demand motive force.Based on this,this paper analyzes the "three resources"(funds,services and talents)of China’s rural old-age security,designs the construction concept,basic principles and integration platform of China’s rural old-age security integration mechanism,and puts forward some ideas on the operation process of the integration mechanism.Among them,the construction concept is based on the concept of self-help,mutual assistance and public assistance,which has the dual attribute characteristics of resource integration and clear functional orientation.The integration mechanism of rural old-age security should adhere to three basic principles,namely,taking the needs of the elderly as the guide,combining the principles of organization and independence,and combining fairness and efficiency;The integration mechanism of rural old-age security should take the community as the resource integration platform,and be realized through the construction of internet information platform and appropriate interviews and surveys;The integration mechanism of rural old-age security mainly includes two modules,namely,the process of resource integration and the process of unified allocation and overall management of resources.The two modules interact circularly to form the internal operation process of the integration mechanism of rural old-age security.In addition,in view of the current shortcomings of rural old-age security in China,this paper puts forward countermeasures and suggestions from the aspects of "three resources"(funds,services and talents)of rural old-age security,so as to further optimize the integration mechanism of rural old-age security in China.The innovation of this paper may be reflected in three aspects:First,research content innovation.This paper makes a systematic theoretical analysis and quantitative research on the "three resources" of rural old-age security(funds,services and talents)from a holistic perspective,emphasizes that the three resources should be structurally integrated,puts forward the establishment of an integrated mechanism of rural old-age security based on the community,and designs its operation process.In previous studies,scholars paid more attention to a single content of funds,services or talents,and emphasized its single-level realistic dilemma and path optimization,but did not make overall research and systematic analysis on these three aspects,weakening the internal relationship among them,and the use of resources did not reach optimization.According to the forms of resource presentation,this paper divides rural old-age security into three aspects:fund security,service security and talent security,which are referred to as "three resources" for rural old-age security.The relationship among them is that funds meet the material needs of the elderly at the economic level.services meet the needs of the elderly at the service level,and talents are the key factors to ensure the effective realization of the material needs and service needs of the elderly.What is particularly important is that talents,as the carrier of service supply,have strong subjective initiative and determine the quality and efficiency of old-age services to a certain extent.Because of this,in the process of article layout,this paper analyzes talents in a separate chapter to fully recognize their important role.On this basis,this paper makes an all-round theoretical analysis of the practical status of the "three resources"(funds,services and talents)of rural old-age security,and makes an empirical study with quantitative indicators to further evaluate the security effect of the current "three resources" of rural old-age security,and analyzes its existing problems,so as to build a feasible and sustainable rural old-age security integration mechanism and provide an optimized direction for the development of rural old-age security from high speed to high quality.Second,research concept innovation.In this paper,the concept of national governance of co-construction and sharing is integrated into the research process of rural old-age security,forming the core concept support of this paper-the concept of combining self-help,mutual assistance and public assistance.Under the guidance of this concept,this paper divides the existing rural old-age security content based on the participants,and emphasizes the role and value that all participants can play in joint participation and cooperation under the premise of clear division of labor.In the previous research process,scholars focused on the concept of national macro-governance,and rarely put forward the unique concept support in the field of old-age care under the concept of macro-governance.At the same time,in the past,scholars mainly tended to study the responsibility and function of the government in the old-age security,ignoring the participation value of individuals and society,weakening the effectiveness of other participants outside the government,and failing to use and develop the potential subjective initiative of the elderly.Under the concept of combining self-help,mutual assistance and public assistance,this paper emphasizes the importance of transforming passive pension into active pension.On the basis of giving full play to the government’s public assistance function,this paper constructs the concept of mutual assistance and self-help based on the principle of equality of rights and obligations,and emphasizes the combination of the three concepts to promote the function of each participant in rural old-age security.Seek the integration idea of rural old-age security resources(the overall integration idea is concept-oriented-core concept support-determination of security means-construction of integration mechanism),so as to build a feasible integration mechanism of rural old-age security and strive to achieve a sense of security,happiness and worthiness for the rural elderly.Third,research perspective innovation.In the research process,this paper enlarges the research perspective of rural old-age security,puts rural old-age security in the development of rural society,comprehensively interprets the interactive relationship between rural revitalization strategy and rural old-age security,and discusses the construction path of rural old-age security integration mechanism from the perspective of external circulation of rural revitalization and internal circulation of rural old-age security.In the previous research process,scholars focused on limiting the rural old-age security to the single perspective of the old-age care itself,that is,simply emphasizing the protection role of rural old-age security for the elderly,ignoring the driving effect of the potential initiative within rural old-age security on rural society.From the perspective of rural revitalization,this paper comprehensively analyzes the internal and external environment in which the integration mechanism of rural old-age security is built,and makes it clear that rural revitalization strategy can support rural old-age security in policy,economy and society,while the adjustment of internal supply and demand structure and resource integration of rural old-age security can also provide aging human capital for rural governance and promote the optimization and upgrading of rural old-age industries,thus enriching the research perspective of existing rural old-age security. |
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