Luminol Luminescence System & Its Applications In Biological, Pharmaceutical And Food Analysis

The thesis focuses on luminol luminescence system & its applications in biological, pharmaceutical and food analysis. The main content consisted of two parts:Part I: A review of luminol luminescence systemIn this part, based on the fundamental theory of chemiluminescence (CL) and combined with my research work, the mechanisms and applications of luminol-peroxide hydrogen, luminol-potassium ferricyanide, luminol-dissolved oxygen, luminol-iodide, luminol-potassium permanganate CL system were simply reviewed, using more than 150 references concerning CL analysis in the year from 2000 to 2007.Part II: Research reportsLuminescence reagent had a great many grow, luminol as one of the most important and familiar chemiluminescent compounds, its chemiluminescent mechanism had been extensively studied. Based on the fact that luminol was luminescence reagent and peroxide hydrogen, potassium periodate, potassium ferricyanide and dissolved oxygen were oxidant, combined with flow injection and controlled-reagent-release technology, roxithromycin, dopamine, clindamycin, sudan I and kaempferol have been determined in food samples, biological samples, pharmaceutical preparations or body fluids by the proposed method, respectively.1. Applications of luminol CL system in pharmaceutical analysis(1) A sensitive CL method, based on the enhancive effect of roxithromycin on the CL reaction between luminol and hydrogen peroxide in a flow injection system, was proposed for the determination of roxithromycin. The increment of CL intensity was linear with roxithromycin concentration in the range 1.0-1000 pg mL^-1 with the detection limit of 0.3 pg mL^-1 (3σ). At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min^-1, a complete analytical process could be performed within 0.5 min, including sampling and washing, with a relative standard deviation of less than 5%. The proposed procedure was applied successfully in the monitoring of roxithromycin in human urine without any pre-treatment procedures and it was found that roxithromycin in urine reached its maximum after orally administrated for two hours, presenting an excretive ratio of 4.6% in 12 h. With urinary excretion rate method, the total elimination rate constant k and half-life time t_1/2 of roxithomycin was calculated, which was 0.1831, 3.785h.(2) Two sensitive flow injection CL methods for dopamine determination were described. It was found that dopamine inhibited the CL reaction of oxidant and luminol in alkaline aqueous solution. The CL emission was correlated with the dopamine concentration in the range of 1.0-300 ng mL^-1, 0.1-10 ng mL^-1, and the detection limit was 0.3, 0.04 ng mL^-1 (σ), respectively. The flow system was applied successfully to the determination of dopamine in pharmaceutical injection.(3) A novel assay for the determination of clindamycin was presented. The action was significant in the CL system of luminol-H₂O₂ with clindamycin as an enhancer. The enhancement of CL intensity was proportional to the concentration of clindamycin. The enhanced CL intensity was linear with the concentration of clindamycin over the range from 1.0 pg mL^-1 to 1.0 ng mL^-1 (R² = 0.9996), the detection limit was 0.3 pg mL^-1 (3σ) with a relative standard deviation of less than 3.0% (n = 5). The proposed method was applied successfully in the assay of clindamycin in capsules, human urine and serum without any pre-treatment procedure. The proposed method offers advantages of simplicity, high sensitivity, selectivity and wide linear range for the determination of clindamycin.2. Applications of luminol CL system in food analysis A CL method based on the luminol-H₂O₂ system with flow injection technology was proposed to the determination of sudan I in hot chilli sauce. It was found that sudan I could enhance CL intensity generated from the luminol-H₂O₂ system. The increment of CL intensity was proportional to the concentration of sudan I, giving a calibration graph linear over the concentration from 10 pg mL^-1 to 7 ng mL^-1 (R² = 0.9980) with the detection limit of 3 pg mL^-1 (3σ) and the quantification limit of 7.5 pg mL^-1. At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min^-1, one analysis cycle, including sampling and washing, could be accomplished in 60 s with a relative standard deviation of less than 5.0%. The method has been applied successfully to the determination of sudan I in contaminated chilli sauces, and the recovery was 90.6%-110.0%.3. Applications of luminol CL system in biological analysisThe two analytical methods based on the luminol-H₂O₂ and luminol-dissolved oxygen were presented for the determination of kaempferol. It was found that kaempferol could enhance CL intensity generated from the luminol-H₂O₂ and luminol-dissolved oxygen system. The enhancement of CL intensity was proportional to kaempferol concentration in the range of 7-1000 pg mL^-1, 10-3000 pg mL^-1, and the detection limit was 2, 3.5 pg mL^-1 (3σ), respectively. The two methods have been applied satisfactorily to the determination of kaempferol sample before and after purified zymolytic production by sinopodophyllum emodi wall endophyte and human urine without any pre-treatment process.