The Commentary On Zhang Zuolin's Diplomacy With Japan

Laying special emphasis on the principal part of diplomatic activities, the article inspected and analyzed the strategy and tactical measures of Zhangzuolin's diplomacy with Japan, and on the basis of that evaluated Zhang's diplomacy with Japan.The article contains 3 sections:Section Ⅰ: The strategy of Zhangzuolin's diplomacy with Japan.The strategy of Zhangzuolin's diplomacy with Japan has roughly undergone the following two periods:ⅰ Being close to Japan aiming at the aid from it in order to strengthen himself.From his rise (1911.11) to uniting the three provinces of the Northeast (1919.8),Zhangzuolin took being close to Japan aiming at the aid from Japan in order to strengthen himself as the main keynote of his diplomacy with Japan. During this period , behaviors of resisting Japan also existed, but they did not represent the main diplomatic attitude. Zhang's main manifestations of being close to Japan were as follows: Expressing the intention of being close to Japan; Fawning on Japan by practical action; Controlling the three provinces of the Northeast depending on the aid from Japan.ⅱ Resisting and Rejecting Japan for the power to make his own decisions.During 1920's, the inclination of resisting and rejecting Japan for the power to make his own decisions was clearer and clearer. The manifestations were: Expansion to the Central Plains —— resisting the Japanese policy toward Zhangzuolin ; Roping in America and Britain to drive out Japan; Competing with Japan in the economic field; Building railways to resist the Japanese railway transporting system; Establishing schools independently and striving to regain educational authority; Trade for ammunition with the West in order to lessen the dependence on Japan. The inclination of resisting and rejecting Japan was not forgiven by Japan and as a result, the contradiction between Zhang and Japan was intensifying until the occurrence of the Huanggutun Incident.Section Ⅱ: The tactical measures of Zhangzuolin's diplomacy with Japan.ⅰ The two Movements for Independence of Manchuria and Zhang's suppression.The two plans for independence of Manchuria both took Zhang as an important person to win over. But as the fact proved, Zhang did not play a favorable role to Japan in the implement of whichever plan. Going back on his word in the first Movement for Independence buried distrusting seeds in Japan; Being indifferent to the winning over of Japanese government and suppressing the rebellion in the second Movement for Independence helped objectively the unity of our country.ⅱ The Twenty-one Demands and Zhangzuolin's resistance. Zhang opposed to the Twenty-one Demands from beginning to end. He tried his best to resist the Japan's demands about the scope of the South of Manchuria, the power of renting land and establishing consulates, so that the Twenty-one Demands were merely nominal in the Northeast.ⅲ The Zhengjiatun Incident: compromising in the open and resisting in the dark.During the handling of Zhengjiatun Incident, Zhang compromised in the open and resisted in the dark. Zhang resisted the key problems such as the demand of Japan to establish police and station military consultant, and played real functions. The objective results were achieving the goal of resisting Japan and at the same time upholding the overall friendly relationship with Japan.ⅳ The Kuanchengzi Incident: resisting Japan under the premise of avoiding offending Japan.The Kuanchengzi Incident took place at the last station of the unity of the three provinces of the Northeast. In order to realize the dream of uniting the three provinces of the Northeast, Zhang took cautious actions avoiding offending Japan at the halfway of unity. On the other hand, under the premise of avoiding offending Japan, Zhang carried out the resisting-Japan policy during the handling of the Incident, so that the Japanese resolution was not wholly realized.ⅴ The Hunchun Incident: Zhang's compromise and collusion with Japan.The background of Hunchun...