The Evolution Of Modern Russian Government Policy On Jews (1772-1917)

In history, the Jews suffered a great deal from tribulation and continual escape. Almost all the countries where there were certain quantity of Jewish residents would none exceptionally discriminated against them, and oppress them cruelly. In Russia, same destiny came to the Jews. Russia early expelled Jew from the country determinedly, but from 1772 to 1795 they divided up Poland three times, and gained tens of thousands of Jews from the former Poland territory, which made it the country with the most Jews. Then the problem of Jews became a real problem for Russia. So it gave up the policy of deporting on Jews, but built up pale of settlement to reinforce its ruling on the Jews. Although the Russian government had been soft, it primarily adopted an exclusive and antagonistic policy from 1772 to 1917, which was further intensified in the following years, finally it was developed into pogroms. This speeded the conflict between the Tsar government and the Jews, led to the fight and leave, and influenced the entire Jewish world ultimately.The thesis includes five parts:In Part I, it looks back to Russia's early policy on Jew. There are disputes on Jewish origin. And it is proved in this thesis that Russian Jews originates from Khazar Jew and Ashkenazim. And there is discussion on the cause of Russian Jews problem and early policy of Tsar Government.In Part II, it mainly discusses the development of the Russian Tsar's Jewish policy from 1772 to 1855. In this period Tsar Government's restrictive policy was intensified. And there is also discussion on how the policy affects the Jewish life in economics, culture, and mentality.In Part III it states the policy of Alexander II from Enlightening to counteracting (1855-1881). Alexander II adopted relatively enlightening policy on the Jews, the best in tsar period, which can be called as "brilliant time "for the Jews. But the situation changed in latter period, the policy turned to counteracting. It also discusses the essence and influence on the policy of Alexander II.In Part IV, it mainly expatiate the process of the Tsar's policy from thorough restricting to pogroms (1881-1917), and some comments on Tsar Government's omnidirectional restricting policy and pogroms.In Part V, it mainly discusses the consequence on Tsar's policy, analyzes the cause of the policy, and summarizes the experience and lecture.