On The Farmers' Subjectivity In The Socialist New Countryside Construction

From the Chinese history we can see that Chinese farmers have been the subject of Chinese history, and the most tremendous and energetic magic power at any ages. So the socialist new countryside couldn't be constructed without farmers'subjectival power. Then how could their subjectivity work more effectively? This article will discuss it in five parts from the theoretical explanation of the farmers'subjectivity.Human's subjectivity is expounded primarily. It is pointed out that subjectivity is unique to human, but it is not possessed by every human. As for ordinary adults, they are subjects or acquire the subjectivity when and only when they cognize or reconstruct the objects actively. Then how could we comprehend the farmers'subjectivity in the new countryside construction? First of all, farmers are one of the subjects that create the Chinese history, and the growth and progress of farmers have been developing our Chinese nation. Secondly, farmers are one of the subjects that construct the Chinese modernization. In a sense, the Chinese modernization is primarily the farmers'modernization which account for the majority of the Chinese population; on the other hand, the Chinese modernization is incomplete or even couldn't be called modernization without the farmers'modernization who account for the majority in society. Thirdly, farmers are the main power in promoting revolutionaries. Since the Third Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, hundreds of millions of Chinese farmers have been functioning as vanguards in reforms and opening-up, showing great originality. Many successful policies in Chinese rural reforms are originated by farmers, and then the policymakers coordinate, summarize, abstract and sublime their practice systematically, and finally establish proper rural policies and popularize them to the farmers within our country. We can get a conclusion through discussion: Chinese farmers are the propellents and erectors of Chinese modernization. The modern Chinese farmers, who experienced New Democracy Revolution and Socialism Revolution, have acquired the nature of advancing with the times, which is the main reason why Chinese farmers could become the subject of modernization construction. The socialist new countryside construction we are holding now is to let modern farmers (or new-style farmers) be the subjects and the protagonists in the construction, and to let them exert their wisdom and creativity actively. Thus the farmers'subjectivity in the new countryside construction should embody the following features: independence, activity, self-determination and creativity. Creativity is the supremacy of the farmers'subjectivity. To sum it up, exerting farmers'subjectivity is exerting farmers'creativity in practice; to let them develop and show their existence is to let them become the creative subjects.However, farmers'exertion of subjectivity is conditioned, especially when the subjectivity is limited by many factors at present time. The first one is that the dualistic structure between city and countryside still ties down the development of farmers and the rural economy, and what people have seen is still the distinctly contrastive pictures of city and rural life. The second is that the farmers are still in a disadvantaged position. The income gap between the urban and rural residents is increasing, for farmers'income is increasing in a very low speed; farmers'social status is still low, and their right of enjoying the developmental achievements is peripherized. The third one is that farmers'comprehensive ability is limited. With a low educational level and an empty spirits, their traditional ideas of small-scale peasants still exist to some extent. The fourth one is the two mistakes in cognition. On one hand, the basic-level governments haven't known the farmers'position of subjectivity clearly; they neither respect nor regard the exertion of farmers'subjectivity. On the other hand, the farmers neither acquire a distinct comprehension to their subjective position. Many farmers are lack of the consciousness of self-dependence and self-development, which could easily lead dependency on substance.Based on the analysis of the factors that limit the farmers'subjectivity, this article analyzes the ways in which farmers'subjectivity is constructed from five aspects. Firstly, inspiring farmers'consciousness of their subjectivity is the premise of farmers'exertion of subjectivity. Only when they acquire the consciousness of subjectivity, they could generate the subjective power actively and construct the new countryside spontaneously, and they could exert their maximum subjectivity. Secondly, training new-style farmers is the key point of exerting farmers'subjectivity sufficiently. A subject should not only know his or her requests and desires clearly, but also have a strong will, related abilities and exterior conditions to achieve the desires, and finally put the will into practice through efforts to fulfill the desires. Thus the primary tache in constructing the new countryside is to promote the farmers'comprehensive ability, that is, to train new-style farmers. Thirdly, the organization of farmers is the important carrier in exerting farmers'subjectivity. The farmers'power is determined by farmers'organization degree, rather than farmers'population. Only when the scattered farmers and production elements are organized and gathered together and farmers'organization degree is promoting persistently, the farmers could become a competitive subject and strengthen their ability to resist the risks in the market. Fourthly, a consummate mechanism of expressing farmers'benefits is a guarantee of their rights and interests in exerting their subjectivity. The axis of the construction of farmers'subjectivity is to give the farmers citizen treatment and fair opportunities to exploit farmers'bound enthusiasm and activity in production, and in this way to develop the farmers'internal sustainable features, to train their modern culture, personality and mind, and finally acquire the comprehensive development, that is, to let free farmers live in the free countryside. Fifthly, to exert the subjectivity sufficiently, farmers'deserved political and social status should be returned back. The farmers should be given equal developmental opportunities and the systematic arrangements of sharing the created achievements to form an integral between urban and rural areas. And the farmers should also be given citizen treatment which is equal to urban residents and more tangible humane solicitude, considering the farmers'interests as a primacy.Some relationship should also be treated well in adhering to farmers'subjectivity; if not, the exertion of subjectivity may be affected. The first is the relationship between the government's dominance and the farmers'subjectivity. Dominance is direction, farmers'subjectivity would loose the explicit direction without the dominance of the government; subjectivity is power, the government's dominance would loose power without farmers'subjectivity. Both the two sides supplement and depend on each other. The second is the relationship between farmers'going to town and staying in villages. The farmers are a unification of the subjectivity between staying in villages and going to town in the new countryside construction, and the two sides is unified in balanced urban and rural development. The third is the relationship between all-round construction and focal support. We should consider the macroscopical interest of our country to seek measures that are in favor of development, wealth and prosperity among all regions side by side, as well as establish different developmental strategies according to different local status; we should encourage part of regions to develop preferentially through efforts, as well as establish a mechanism of supplementary advantages and mutual benefit among regions by cooperation; we should stick to stratagem of all-round construction, as well as specially support and help the regions with stronger sell-developmental power. The fourth is the relationship between respect for rural cultural tradition and the developing modern culture. In the new countryside construction, we should keep an attitude of comprehension and respect in treating different cultural traditions of different farmer communities from different regions. Respecting them is actually respecting the farmers'subjectivity.Finally, this article gives some advices to some key problems that need urgent solution in exerting farmers'subjectivity in new countryside construction.Firstly, farmers'comprehensive ability should be promoted. The first one is to implement the rural practical personnel training project. Elite training should be executed to train a number of entrepreneur farmers; skill training should be executed to train a number of skilled farmers; science popularization training should be held to train a number of all-round developmental farmers. The second one is to promote the elementary education by consummating educational expense guarantee system, reinforcing teachers'training, confirming and promoting rural obligatory education, developing preschool education and rural senior high school education. The third is to enhance the middling professional education to train a steady rural labor force with high quality according to the request of new countryside construction, and to bring up a great number of farmers with high level of education and technology. The fourth is to flourish the rural culture to let advanced culture take place in countryside.Secondly, rural cooperative economic organizations should be supported and lead to develop in a fast speed. The first is legislation, that is, to legalize them, to define their concepts and natures, to stipulate business scope, management principal, organization, etc, to regulate the behaviors of cooperative union members and other subjects of interests, to provide basic framework to trade of the cooperative unions and other social economic subjects by the establishment of laws. The second is to strengthen the government's support in policies, especially in fund, tax, interest rate, technique, business scope, projects and other aspects. The third is to regulate management, that is, to manage them by unified registry, as well as to define business instruction department to promote their sound development.Thirdly, a farmer-favored investment mechanism should be established and consummated. From the economic and social developmental status of our country at the present time, we have reached a stage of Industry Re-feeding Agriculture, Cities Supporting Countryside. But up to now, our country hasn't established a stable fund source required by new countryside construction or a long-term investment mechanism of Industry Re-feeding Agriculture, Cities Supporting Countryside yet. Thus, we should (1) establish a policy mechanism of government-supported agriculture, (2) a mechanism of Industry Re-feeding Agriculture, Cities Supporting Countryside, (3) rural financial investment mechanism and (4) management mechanism supervised by farmers.Fourthly, the basic-level democratic management mechanism should be consummated. The first point is to consummate the democratic election system, to let farmers elect the capable persons with revolutionary and opening-up consciousness, market economy consciousness and earnest and practical spirit according to their own will to provide strong organization guarantee to the new countryside construction. The second point is to consummate the villagers'democratic decision-making system. The key point in executing rural democratic management is to define and control the government's function, to reinforce social management, to strengthen public service. Democratic negotiation should be complied with in stead of coercion; instruction and support should be executed in stead of substitution; the farmers'affairs should be decided by themselves. The third point is to further consummate the village affairs publicity system; to transform the behindhand publicity to the all-round publicity of beforehand, progressive, and behindhand, to expose the village affairs to the public to receive the villagers'supervision. In this way, the farmers could acquire the more effective right to know and to decide on their affairs as subjects, the more effective right to supervise on the exertion of public power, the more effective right to participate in social affairs. The fourth point is to establish and consummate the channels for the farmers to express their interests, to build a bridge of communication between the mass and the Party and the government in deed, to delegate and maintain the farmers'legal rights and interests more efficiently, and to let the farmers reinforce the developmental resultant forces calmly and steadily.