The Role Soviet Union's Delegates Played In The Establishment Of Diplomatic Relations Between China And The Soviet Union(1917-1924)

The period form 1917 to 1924, that is, from the October Revolution to the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the Soviet Union, is a prelude to the history of Sino-Soviet relations. Under the pressure from both the internal and the external, the Soviet Union established friendly relations urgently with its neighbor - China for ally, in order to alleviate the threat from Japan on its eastern territories. Since 1920, the Soviet Union have sent a Eulin, Paikes, Joffe, Karakhan Vyshinsky, Marin, Borodin and Gallon to China, who played an important role in the establishment of diplomatic relations.On the basis of relevant research and referring to newly published Chinese and Russian materials, this paper discussed the role Soviet Union's delegates played in the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the Soviet Union.The whole text is divided into four parts:Chapter I: the Soviet Union and China after the October Revolution. This chapter introduces the historical background in which delegates of the Soviet Union contributed in the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the Soviet Union.After the October Revolution, the Soviet Union confronted with a serious domestic and international situation. At the national level: counter-revolutionaries were in collusion with foreign forces to form a counter-revolutionary White Guardian Government, prepared to subvert the nascent Soviet regime. At the international level: the UK, France, the United States and other signatory countries implemented armed intervention, siege, blockade, isolation policy against the Soviet Union, , in attempt to eradicate the nascent Soviet regime in its cradle. In order to break the internal and external situation and ensure the stability of the Far East and interests of Russia in China, the Soviet Union urgently requested the establishment of diplomatic relations with China.After the October Revolution, China was in the reign of the Northern Warlords, and the whole country was divided melee warlords. Various government forces were busy fighting each other, compete for sites, so the attitude to the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union was relatively indifferent.Chapter II: The role Soviet Union's representative played in the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the Soviet Union. Since 1920, the Soviet government have dispatched eight diplomats Eulin, Paikes, Joffe, Karakhan ,Vyshinsky, Marin, Borodin and Gallon and delegates from the Communist International to carry out diplomatic work in China. They all took advantage of China's domestic conflict between different forces and regimes, and adopted a double diplomatic strategy: on the one hand, according to Chinese legal system, they actively negotiated with the central government - Beijing Government to get a legal recognition; on the other hand, they contacted Sun Yat-sen's Revolutionary Government of South China and powerful local warlords. Since China was split, in order to really establish diplomatic relations with China, they must obtain the support of these local forces.The relationships between the delegates of the Soviet Union and the Beijing government are the main part of this article. Since August, 1920, the Soviet Government has sent a delegation group including Eulin, Paikes, Joffe, Karakhan Vyshinsky to China to discuss with the Beijing government about the establishment of diplomatic relations. Although the three delegates made great efforts in China, they had a great controversy with the Beijing government on the issue of Outer Mongolia, the negotiations were fruitless. In order to open the deadlock of Sino-Soviet negotiations, the Soviet government decided to send another diplomatic delegation led by Karakhan, who was experienced and had published two declarations to China. After his arrival, Karakhan restated the Soviet Union Administration's policy to China, and proposed to establish the diplomatic relations between China and the Soviet Union first, and then to resolve the outstanding issues between the two countries. Shortly thereafter, Karakhan pressed"The Third Declaration to China". Early in 1924, the Soviet Union's domestic and international situation and its own force changed, it gradually got away from the blockade and isolation of the West. In China, more and more community asked the Beijing government to establish diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. In such circumstances, the Beijing government resumed negotiations with the Karakhan, the two sides reached a compromise on issues such as Outer Mongolia. On May 31, 1924, the "Sino-Soviet outline agreement to resolve issues" was signed. At this point, nearly four years'negotiation from Cong Lin to Karakhan on the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the Soviet Union finally put an end, the two countries formally established diplomatic relations.The relationships between the delegates of the Soviet Union and Sun Yat-sen's Government of the South. The Soviet Union believed that in the divided China, the revolutionary government led by Sun Yat-sen in the South only inferior to the Beijing government. They sent Joffe to contact Sun Yat-sen. On January 16, 1923, Joffe and Sun Yat-sen made a "Declaration of Sun Wen and Joffe,", which marked the formal establishment of relations between Sun Yat-sen and the Soviet Union.The relationships between the delegates of the Soviet Union and the Feng warlords. At that time, the main task of the local warlords was competing for sites to expand its sphere of influence; they were not the diplomatic delegates of state power and had little influence on the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the Soviet Union, so I would not mention more. But warlords Feng led by Zhang Zuolin was located in the northeast, not only on the border with the Soviet Union but also had a lot of interests with the Soviet Union. Therefore, the Soviet Government sent Eulin and Karakhan to negotiated with Zhang Zuolin constantly on the issue of the Middle East and the railway, the Songhua River, Heilongjiang Kanggye aircraft division, and finally signed the "Agreement between Russia and Feng," a first step in settling these issues Chapter III: The role of the representative of the Communist International played to promote the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the Soviet Union. This is another important part of the paper.Sun Yat-sen and delegates of Communist International. From 1920, under the leadership of the Government of Soviet Union, the Communist has sent Vyshinsky, Marin, Borodin and Gallon to Guangzhou, China, to help Sun Yat-sen establish a revolutionary government. Four delegates of the Communist made important contributions in the reorganization of the Kuomintang, the establishment of the Whampoa Military Academy and the National Revolutionary Army, integrating Guangdong, the northing of Sun Yat-sen, as well as the Northern Expedition. They were the bridge between the Soviet Union Government and Sun Yat-sen. During this period, a large number of supplies from Soviet to assistant Sun Yat-sen came endless to China. In addition, the Marin, as Karpinski also actively promoted China's Marxist ideology and the Russian Revolution, helped China establish the Communist Party, which accelerated the development of China National Revolutionary.Chapter IV: The evaluation of the role the Soviet Union's delegates played in establishing diplomatic relations with China. This part is a summary of this article. The achievements of the representative from Soviet Union in the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the Soviet Union.First of all, they promoted the formal establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the Soviet Union. Formal establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the Soviet Union consolidated the nascent Soviet regime and the stability of the Far East, contained its rival - Japan, and ensured the Far East in its interests. Secondly, they assisted and promoted China's national revolution. The Soviet Union not only sent Vyshinsky, Marin, Borodin and Gallon to help Sun Yat-sen, but also brought a large number of materials to help the establishment and development of Sun Yat-sen's Revolutionary Government of the South.Thirdly, they helped build the Communist Party of China. The Soviet Union delegates like Vyshinsky, Marin actively propagandized in China the ideas of Marxism and the Russian Revolution to Chen, Li Dazhao and other advanced elements in order to establish the Chinese Communist Party of China. The birth of the Communist Party of China opened a new era in Chinese history, so that Chinese revolution took a new look.In the process of establishing diplomatic relations with China, The Soviet Union delegates took their own national interests as the starting point from beginning to end, and changed strategy according to the international situation and their own strength. At any time a specific issue was involved, they would act on the contrary to the principles of the Declaration. These problems were left over from the Soviet Union and had a negative impact in the future development of Sino-Soviet relations.The conclusion of the paper are:First, the Soviet Union has achieved their objectives;Second, China recovered some rights and interests to a certain extent;Third, they promoted the development of China's revolution.