Study On The Improvement Of The Old-style Privte School In Modern Shandong

The improvement of the old-style private school is an important part of the education modernization. Shandong is the original land of the private school, and it is also the area where the new education system and the old education system conflicted furiously. Therefore, studying on the improvement of the old-style private school in modern Shandong would extremely have the typical significance. This dissertation describes and comments on the improvement course of old-style private school in modern Shandong by using the sociology, the history study, and the metrology research technique. Moreover, two model areas are selected and made deep research in the dissertation. The whole dissertation is composed of six parts. The main contents of the dissertation are stated as follows:Part One: The improvement of the old-style private school in Shandong started in the new deal of late Qing dynasty. In the late Qing dynasty, new education system was issued; new schools were advocated; before long, improvement of the old-style private school was proposed in order to remedy the insufficiency of the primary education. Shandong province was quite positive in the improving of old-style private school. It adopted some specific measures, which including investigating the old-style private school, training and recognizing tutors, improving course contents of the old-style private school, improving the tutors'quality, improving the teaching aid, propagandizing and demonstrating, and transforming social traditions. In this period, though the improvement work stepped out the first step, it had no significant effect because the central authority's controlling force was weak and most people were influenced by traditional education ideas.Part Two: In the Beijing Government's period, the improvement course of the old-style private school continued but was broke off later on. In early Beijing Government's ruling period, Shandong adopted many improving measures such as investigating the old-style private school, improving the tutors'quality, establishing new schools in order to guide the old-style private schools'improving, banning the old-style private schools which hadn't improving on schedule, and obtained the preliminary results. But the policy broke off afterwards, because Yuan Shikai advocated respecting Confucius and returning to the ancient. Hence many old-style private schools restored. When Zhang Zongchang ruled Shandong, he advocated reading the Confucian Classics, and encouraged to establish the old-style private schools. So the old-style private school increased in abundance and the improving work stopped again.Part Three: In the preceding period of the KMT government, the improvement of the old-style private school in Shandong made new progress. The KMT government pushed the compulsory education vigorously and advanced banning or improving the old-style private school at the same time. Shandong province, complying with the instruction of the central government, improved the old-style private school earnestly. The main measures included: investigating and registering the old-style private schools; testing and improving tutors; changing teaching contents, teaching method and daily schedule; inspecting and guiding the old-style private schools. In this period, the effect of the old-style private school's improving was quite obvious. First, the old-style private schools reduced greatly after being improved. Second, the old-style private schools appeared some modernized breath. Third, tutors graduated from new schools accounted for certain proportion. But in 1937, Japanese started the invasion war. So the improvement course of the old-style private school was broken off again.Part Four: In the late period of the KMT government, the old-style private schools rebounded and were improved. After 1949, the old-style private schools died out gradually. Soon after the War of Resistance against Japan erupted, majority parts of Shandong Province were occupied by the enemy. The normal schools became extremely rare, and a great deal of old-style private schools came forth. With the changing of the war situation, there had gradually appeared the complexion that the KMT government, the Chinese Communist Party's government, and the Japanese puppet regime coexisted contemporary. The three political powers had ever adopted the policy of improving or banning the old-style private school. But the policy had little effect. After China won the War of Resistance against Japan, the civil war between KMT and the Communist Party of China resurged soon. In this period, the area of Shandong ruled by KMT was limited, and the most area was ruled by the Communist Party of China. It was the Democratic Political Power established by Communist Party of China that implemented some policy of making the elementary education universal and improving the old-style private schools. The policy reached certain results. Shortly after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the government implemented strongly policy of improving or banning the old-style private schools. Then the old-style private schools became extinct.Part Five: Case study. This part selected Wenshang and Qingdao as the research objects, and compared the two cities of their school's condition, old-style private school's condition, and the old-style private school's improvement situations of 1930's. Finally, it draws the conclusions: in conservative regions, new school developed slowly, while the old-style private school improved more difficultly and the effect was bad; however, in the open region, new school developed quickly, while the old-style private schools improved smoothly and the effect was obvious. In addition, this part analyzed the reason why the two places had differences in elementary education.Part Six: Other contents. The improvement of old-style private schools in modern Shandong had many characteristics. It lasted for a long period and the resistance strength was strong. The struggle between new schools and the old-style private schools was intense. The difference of the old-style private school's improving between urban and rural was great. The improvement abbreviated the disparity between old-style private schools and new schools. It expanded the teachers'troop and improving teachers'level of new schools. It reduced the government's economic pressure in managing education and promoted the popularization of elementary education. In short, the improving work made important contribution for education development in Shandong.