The Research Of The Ecology Protection Problem In Chinese Collective Forest Reform

At the beginning of the 1990s, when the Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee passed < the decision of the Party Central Committee which is about how to establish the Socialist Market Economic Structure>, a new collective forest reform began. The aim of this collective forest reform is to improve the forest industry development ability, changing the situation that cutting the collective forest without management and planting, so that the resource of the forest can be used more reasonable and effectively. The goal of the collective forest reform is to finish the system of household contract responsibility and accomplish the task whose content is clearing the woodland use right and the ownership of trees, relaxing of operation right control, clearing the right of disposal and guaranteeing the income rights until 2010.The main content of this forest right reform including five parts: 1. Reforming the system of forest operation and management, clearing the operators'right of disposal to the trees. 2. Regulating the transaction of forest, trees and woodland use right, establishing the market of the trees transaction, improve the property assessment system of trees and woodland resource, promoting the reasonable transaction of forestry production factors. 3. Establishing the policy system of forest insurance, improving the resisting risks ability of the forest. 4. Improve the public compensation system, guaranteeing the environmental interests. 5. Helping to develop the farmers'forestry cooperation, improve the resisting market risks ability of farmers, and therefore making the forest industry operation become scale, industrialization, standardization and intensive. It is not the first time doing the collective forest right reform in China. In fact, the collective forest right have experienced five stages in China during the period from the birth of China to now: the stage of distributing the forest right to family in the time of land reform, the stage of mountains and forest added into the commune in the time of agriculture cooperation, the stage of collective owned and operating forest in the time of People's commune, the stage of forestry"three clearing"in the 1980s and this forest right reform. From the failing experience of the early forest right reform, some important points which must be paid attention to in this forest right reform can be got. There are four points: 1. Make the property right clear. 2. Relevant policy is necessary to the forest right reform. 3. Keeping the policy work constantly is necessary. 4. Paying attention to the ecology protection is important.This new forest right reform did some experiments in several provinces. Fujian Province,Jiangxi Province and Liaoning Province is the first province to do the experiment. From the experience of these experiments, the new forest right reform has learnt the lessons from the failures. The experience of these experiments is that: sticking to doing the reform from the high position; sticking to protect the people's interests; sticking to operating with different ways and paying attention to ecology protection; paying attention to the relevant policy and measures in the forest right reform; sticking to work according to the law and change the management function of the government. However, we also can find some ecology protection problem in the process of the collective forest right reform from the experiments experience: 1. unclear property right makes the obligations of environment protection can not be decided. 2. Government regulating too much about the collective forest disposition makes the ecology protection become passive. 3. The disorder of the forest right transaction can easily lead to environment damage. 4. Lack of perfect income system makes the forest farmers ignore the environment interests. 5. Forest farmers operating separately makes the environment risk of forest increase.Learning management experience from the foreign countries whose forest industry is advanced is a good way to solve these problems. Sweden, Japan and the USA are the countries who own the mature experience of private forest management. These countries'private forest ecology protection policy is quite worth learning to us in the forest right reform. These countries'advanced experience in private forest management can be reflected in four aspects: clear property right, perfect foundation of the forest agency, the great effect of the forest associations and the government's subsidy and tax credits. This advanced experience can help us to solve the ecology protection problem which happens in the forest right reform. They can help us protecting the environment efficiently when we are doing the forest right reform and promote the forest industry developing. They can keep our forest industry developing heath, stable and constantly.