A Study On Landless Farmer's Employment In The Urbanization Of Chongqing Countries

As a city in the west directly under the jurisdiction of State Department, Chongqing is a typical city with a dualistic economic structure. The rural population takes a great proportion of the whole population of Chongqing. Matters related to farmers count for much in the social and economical development of Chongqing. In the Eleventh Five development layout of Chongqing, developing city space and speeding up urbanization were put forward. The problems of landless farmer's employment resulting from urbanization arouse Chongqing Government's great concern. The purpose of this study is to investigate the situations of landless fanner's employment in the urbanization of Chongqing countries in order to put forward some advice on solving the problems arising in the employment of landless farmers.The content of this study includes five aspects. The first is landless farmer's employment situations before they lose their lands, including employment status, employment category, employment industry, working role, employment approach, monthly income and income source. The second is the employment situations after farmers lose their lands. The third is landless farmer's satisfaction degree on their employment matters. The fourth is the factors influencing landless farmer's employment, including farmer themselves, economical development, geographical environment and social security. The fifth is some advice on landless farmer's employment according to the above findings.A Landless Farmer Employment Questionnaire developed by us was administrated on 302 landless fanners from villages in Beibei district, Shapingba district and Dadukou district. The result showed that after the land loss, farmer's employment status changed significantly. The ratio of employment was 93.4 percent before the land loss, while the ratio of employment fell down to 58.9 percent after the land loss. The employment category of farmers also changed distinctly. Before the land loss, farming was their main working, accounting for about 61 percent; while after land loss, leaving out for work and doing business were their main working, accounting for 55 percent and 34 percent respectively. In employment industry, because farming was not farmer's industry, as a whole their industry varied into diversification. After the land loss, the number of landless farmers engaging in selling, transportation and other industries increased, while that in eatery, manufacture and construction decreased. In working role, although the ratio of working as a common employee changed a lot, common employee was still landless farmer's main working role. The number of managers and technicians decreased, while the number of bosses increased. After the land loss, farmers' income reduced. The number of farmers whose income was under 500 yuan per month increased by 13 percent, while the number of those whose income was above 500 yuan per month decreased. In income source, farmers' main income source was crop cultivating (accounting for 93.7 percent) and animal breeding (accounting for 63 percent) before the land loss; while after the land loss, farmer's income source was diverse, and doing business, government subsidy and other sources increased a lot comparing with the past.Farmers' satisfaction degree about their employment also changed significant after they lost their lands. Before the land loss, they have a middle satisfaction about their employment, while the values (between-1 and 1) of fanners' satisfaction on their employment decreased to zero and even to-0.3.Factors which influenced landless farmer's employment lied in the following four aspects, farmer themselves, economical development, geographical environment and social security. As a whole, landless farmer's realization to the factors influencing their employment was not clear. About half of them could not definitely realize the relation between their employment difficulty and their own shortcomings, such as their character and ability. As to economical development, about half of the landless farmers thought that it was helpful in their employment, while nearly half of them also thought it not impossible or could not clearly understand their relation. In social security, about half of the landless farmers thought that local government's attaching importance to their employment was crucial, and 40 percent of them thought that compensation, post allocation and working training were important. As to geographical environment, half of the landless fanners thought it important in their employment, while nearly half of them also thought it not impossible or could not clearly realize their relation.In the employment situations, employment satisfaction degree and employment influencing factors, there were some area diversities according to the responses of the landless fanners from different areas in Chongqing, Beibei, Shapingba and Dadukou.According to the findings in our investigation, in solving the problems of landless farmers' employment in Chongqing, we should stress on the following efforts. Firstly, we should develop more employment opportunities according to region features. Secondly, we should advance working training in order to improve farmers' knowledge and skills. Thirdly, we should consider a situation different based on different people, and try some programs such as transmigrating. Fourthly, we should anew their ideas on employment, and help them overcome the dependence and idleness. Fifthly, we should vigorously propagandize the policy, improve farmers' understanding to the government's layout, and make them consider everything in a whole view and from the benefit of whole city and their own. Finally, we should build up and further improve social security systems, such as land replacement system, legal aid system and carving out support system.The innovation of this study lies in two aspects. One is in the design of this study, we excluded the elements which were not related to employment but appeared in previous studies, so we could discuss the matters constitutionally and concretely. The other is in the thought of this study, we excluded the unilateralism of the conclusions drawn in previous studies resulting from just considering the present situation without comparing with the past situation.