Studies Of The Spatial Structure Of Regional Tourism Based On The Linear Model Of Spatial Economics

The spatial structure of regional tourism reveals the degree and the formation of the agglomeration arising from the interplay among the tourism system, the subjects and objects of the tourist activities. It reflects the spatial attributes and the relations between the regional tourism system and the tourist activities. Along the development of the regional tourism and the regional incorporation, the spatial structure of regional tourism attracts more and more attentions. The spatial economics developed in 1990s is focused on the spatial distribution of the economic activities and the explanation of the economic agglomeration. It has reference value for the further development of the he spatial structure of regional tourism.In this paper, we construct a spatial economic model of the spatial structure of regional tourism, based on the linear model theories of the spatial economics and the characteristics of tourism. Then we make further researches on the economic mechanism of the spatial structure of regional tourism and search for new methods to study the spatial structure of regional tourism.We first introduce the advancement of the spatial structure of regional tourism and the spatial economics. Then, based on the further analyses, we suggest that the tourism economics has the same primary properties to the study objects of the spatial economics. These properties include: firstly, since tourism market is monopolistic competition market, the methods of the equilibrium under monopolistic competition applied intensively in the spatial economics is applicable to the tourism market; secondly, the theoretical basis of the spatial economics, i. e., the scale economics and the increasing returns, are also applicable to the tourism industry; thirdly, tourists have diversity preference and pursue the utility maximization, which is the same to the spatial economics. Thus, the theories and methods in the spatial economics can be applied into the spatial structure of regional tourism.Meanwhile, the special properties of tourism should be fully considered. The spatial economics is focused on the case of only two areas, while in the regional tourism space there are multi-tourism-destinations and multi-tourism-origins. In the spatial economics, the trade between different areas is analyzed with the transport cost, while the tourism products can not be transported. For the tourists' activities are realized in the entrance of tourists into tourism destination, the tourism consumption is constrained by the carrying capacity of the tourism destination. The tourism consumption is realized by the entrance of tourists into the tourism destination. For tourism product is non-transportable and the carrying capacity of tourism destination is limited, we propose the constraint of carrying capacity, and introduce the coefficient of traveling expenditure into the tourism consumption. Besides, together with the quasi-quadratic utility function and the budget constraint, we construct the core functions of the regional tourism spatial economic model for the region with multi-destinations and multi-origins. Then, we analyze the short-term and long-term equilibrium of the regional tourism market from the aspects of supply and demand, with the methods such as the maximization of utility and profit, and the variation of the consumption and profits of tourism.For the carrying capacity is limited and the tourism products are not transportable, we suggested the carrying capacity constraint, and introduce the traveling expenditure into the tourism consumption in the form of traveling expenditure index. Based on the quasi-quadratic utility function, the budget constraint and the carrying capacity constraint, we construct the core functions of the regional tourism spatial economic model for the region with multi-destinations and multi-origins. We analyze the short-term and long-term equilibrium of the regional tourism market from the aspects of supply and demand, with the methods such as the maximization of utility and profit, and the variation of the consumption and profits of tourism. Then we further quantitatively study the influences of the economics, environmental and location factors in the spatial structure of regional tourism. These factors mainly include the fixed and variable capital, the carrying capacity of tourism destination, the location advantages and the traveling expenditures, the substitutions among different products and the scale of the tourism market.Firstly, the influence of the fixed capital (including the value of tourism recourses) on the marginal income of tourism is linear. Thus, in order to gain more profits, the tourism capitals are inclined to converge to the tourism destinations with more tourism recourses. When the diversity of tourism products is small, regional tourism converge into the tourism destinations with more tourism recourses and better tourism establishments.Secondly, in the destinations with many tourism enterprises, the fierce competition may reduce the income of unit enterprise. In order to maintain the profits, tourism enterprises likely take measures to decrease the variable capitals, which may induce the reduction of the wage of workers. They are also likely to move into the destinations with less tourism enterprises and less competition. Thus the fierce competition may induce the divergence of the tourism space. Meanwhile, for the tourism destination with disadvantageous location, the bad accessibility of the tourism products decreases the consumption of the tourism products. In order to necessary profits, the tourism enterprises there also likely take measures to decrease the wage of workers to reduce the variable capitals. It causes the weakening of the attraction for the tourism workers. Thus the scale of tourism is small and it is difficult to achieve the advantages of scale economics and to attract more tourism capitals.Thirdly, the carrying capacity of tourism destination has constraint effects on the tourism consumption. The carrying capacity of tourism destination is limited. The measures of improving the tourism products to reduce the carrying capacity factor can effectively increase the consumption, income and profits of the tourism. Then the tourism destination is more attractive tourism capitals. Besides, the degree of the influence of the carrying capacity on the tourism profits decrease as the accretion of the diversity of tourism products, the diversity preference of tourists and the traveling expenditures. This indicates that the constraint effects of the carrying capacity on the tourism consumption and profits are lessened for the tourism destination, which has better location and the prominent diversity of tourism products.Fourthly, for the tourism destinations have better locations, the better the accessibility of tourism products is, the lower the traveling expenditures of tourists are. This makes the tourism destination has larger scale of tourism consumption, profits and market shares. This indicates the tourism is likely to converge to the tourism destinations with better locations.Fifthly, the degree of the influence of location on the tourism consumptions and profits decrease with the enhancement of the substitution among tourism products and the diversity preference of tourists. Thus enhancing the diversity of tourism products can effectively the overconvergence of tourism.Sixthly, the consumption of tourism products in a tourism destination is linear function of the scale of the tourism origins, while the tourism profits are the quadratic exponential function of the scale of the tourism origins. Thus the tourism profits increase faster than the consumption of tourism products with the enlargement of tourism market. This eventually causes the degree of the convergence of the tourism profits is high than that of the tourists.In addition, we analyzed the relations between the regional tourism space and some other factors such as the threshold of regional tourism consumption and the price of tourism enterprises.In the sixth chapter, we apply the theories of the spatial economic model of regional tourism to the regional tourism of Jing-Jin-Ji. We describe and discuss the characteristics of the convergence in the regional tourism of Jing-Jin-Ji as a demonstration.