The Research Of Primary School Teachers In Anti-Japanese Base Of Shandong Province During The Anti-Japanese War

Before the Anti-Japanese War, as the only intellectuals in rural area, private tutors and primary school teachers both faced survival crisis. For the private tutors, their students became less and less under government’s pressure and they faced a crisis of unemployment.However, they still took certain position in the rural social and public affairs. Private tutors were in a situation of being authoritative without power in rural areas.Owing to the social instability and government corruption, the primary school teachers had quite low income, without any insurance on life, and they were facing constant unemployment. They could hardly involve into rural society and played little part in rural public affairs. Therefore, private tutors and primary school teachers both need to make some difference.During the war, the CPC Shandong successively opened up a number of anti-Japanese base areas, which were not only the rear base of the war, but also the "Democratic Experiment Field" for Chinese Communists to actively explore the rural governance mode. From the perspective of "State Power Construction ", it is a trial of state power downward and putting rural society into the new power system. There was a need for various of intellectuals with abundant knowledge, wide vision and fresh-new insight deepening into mass and promote democracy, the political system and guidelines of CPC. In addition, they need to help farmers building new country. As the only intellectuals in rural areas, primary school teachers were not only able to understand the government policies, but can have access to mass. Thus they became the main targets for the officer to cultivate.The school teachers are the main targets for government of anti-Japanese base. They usually only accept private school education or higher primary school. Either their idea nor the level of knowledge, nor education match with the new democratic education. Transforming these intellectuals into a new democracy education soldiers and the real service for the masses had become an important part of educational reform in the base area. Therefore, the base government began to train and transform Primary school teachers. And then they not only improved level of knowledge, what is more important, they established the concept of the masses and labor ideologically, and actively participated in social activities in rural areas.The rural primary school teachers played a significant role in rural public affairs after transformation. You could see the primary school teachers nearly in all the social cultural activities as well as political activities, and they played an important organization and guiding role, especially the ability to participate in the public sphere of society to be greatly enhanced. Primary school teachers became an important support of base area’s construction.From their roles in base area, we could see that the Primary school teachers have exceeded their own professional roles and actively participated in the base area’s activities. As the main rural intellectuals, their social functions and roles, to a certain extent, worked like the role of the traditional gentry in the countryside. There are quite a number of similarities between the two in their characteristic and the way they achieved authority. However, because of the different times, the authority deterrence and stability of Primary school teachers can not be compared with the traditional gentry. While early in the war, there was a lack of old authority and new rural authority has not been cultured successfully. Primary school teachers worked as the authority of the rural society in a short period of time. With the formation of base area’s new rural authority (Hero Model Worker), the old primary school teacher groups disintegrated, and most of whom developed to the party and government cadres.