Trend Radical: The Late Qing Dynasty Smoking Systolic Motion Of No-smoking Policy Research

The Qing dynasty, an ancient oriental empire of China, officially announced an imperial edict to show their determination to abandon the opium on September20th,1906. Retrospecting the past, every successive emperor kept implementing the basic policy of Ban on opium after the Qing emperor Yongzheng focused on the opium problem for the first time. The Chia-ching Emperor firstly took positive action to forbid the opium trades, and then set the orientation of banning-opium policy in1799. From then on, the ban rules had been getting even stricter. However, as the first Opium War exploded in1840the effect of banning opium went down rapidly, and the whole policy system was left merely a shell in the end. After that, legalization of opium transaction had signified a sudden change on the opium policies in1858that were proclaimed by the Qing emperor Xianfeng. Under the unjust treaties by the Western countries, opium had jeopardized the Chinese. Inducing by the ideas named "resisting the foreign opium by local opium" and "forbid by levy", these local opium had been expanding at a startlingly high speed. Until the early twentieth century, the disaster brought by opium had lost control.The crisis year of1900involving the Boxer uprising and the eight nation military invasion compelled the Qing dynasty to take some new steps. Following this change, the spirit of banning opium had been booming soon that lots of upright Chinese called for putting slogan into effort. And meanwhile the western countries, like the United States and Britain, echoed. It was urgent for the Qing government to make decisions. The rule of banning opium was considered as guiding principle, which had been carrying out by gradually reducing year by year with a ten-year deadline. While, this antiquated country moved very slowly for its inefficient style so that no promising progress had been achieved at all. The anticipated aim of this forbidden trial from1908to1910, issued by both of China and Britain, had been up in the air.Xi Liang, the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou provinces, pleaded the government to implement the above plan. His pleading successfully broke up the tedious atmosphere in China. Afterwards, the local officers, represented by Xi Liang, and government officers, represented by Minister Zai Feng, debated vehemently about the pros and cons of reducing the period of banning opium. It lasted nearly one year, and finally reached a consensus under certain compromises. The pattern of "six plus eleven" remarked the initial realization of the policy that was supposed to reduce period of banning opium. Nevertheless, accompanying with the policy going deep, the problems emerged. The four provinces, Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, and Guizhou, made the banning policy harder to achieve because of their delay. The other provinces, like Shanxi, Henan, Fujian, and Shandong, suffered from the repeated opium harassment which originated from their adjacent provinces. The conflict turned intense again. Under those situations, the trend of banning opium rapidly came to a climax. Before the Revolution of1911, the policy of banning opium had made great staged achievements.The realization of this policy benefited from the hard work of Xi Liang, also from the interaction between China and the western countries. Based on Objective factors, including the Shanghai International Opium Commission in1909, the annual conference of the advisory council in1910, and the second round treaty around conditions of banning opium issued by China and Britain, all of those came from the outside had significantly stimulated and benefitted for the progress of banning action. At the end of19th century and beginning of20th century, the radical emotion spreading all over the country was so crucial that pushed this progress into effect successfully.In the wake of the booming situation, the anti-opium campaign in the late Qing Dynasty developed at a very high speed. There had been most of staged achievements before the Revolution of1911. During this period, the Qing government had gained a sea of praises from both inside and outside, and therefore the impression of China had been great improved at this time. While comparing to the amazing progress of banning opium, the policy itself had to be attributed as non-regular method. By this, the Qing government had been damaged innumerably. The first crash encountered was the financial crisis. The financial crisis still produced far more detrimental influence upon the other reforms that were close to anti-opium campaign. Some innovative business, such as training soldiers, promoting education, and improving police service, were dragged into mire. More lethal challenge incurred by reducing the period of the anti-opium policy had fallen down upon some social groups like opium-planters and opium-sellers that their commercial profits were deep hurt. All of those elements were performing radically which definitely had triggered the people’s fire in anger to the Qing government. A series of those anti-opium upheavals, combining with a mass of anti-Qing rebellions, had been proved to be the essential causes of toppling the Qing dynasty.