| In the process of industrialization and urbanization, the increasingly scare supply of urban construction land can hardly meet the growing demand. While in rural areas, the amount of construction land is increasing with the reduction of population, which results in numerous idle construction lands. In this case, the research on the forces of construction land expansion in urban and rural areas, as well as how to optimize the allocation of construction land, is of significant importance to ease the contradiction between supply and demand of land in the city and to improve the efficiency of construction land.The existing researches mainly focus on aspects of urban construction land expansion while relatively pay little attention to rural collective construction land expansion. Besides, researchers mainly emphasize on the natural, economic and social factors, while neglecting the game relations among participants. This paper attempts to put the two types of construction land in the same frame, and make a systematic analysis on the supply and demand in urban and rural areas, as well as on the game relations among participants. Then, we build mechanisms for optimization of urban and rural construction land allocation to prevent sprawl of which, as a result, it may improve land resources utilization efficiency and achieve win-win situation for the parties involved.Firstly, problems that lie in the process of use and allocation of construction land in urban and rural areas are analyzed, and a summary of current practices is placed behind. Secondly, the external forces are analyzed from the perspective of supply and demand, while the internal forces are analyzed from the perspective of game relations among parties involved. Thirdly, an empirical case will be given to verify the preceding analysis. Finally, mechanisms are built for optimizing the allocation between urban and rural construction land from perspectives of strengthening the external forces and stimulating internal forces. According to the foregoing research, we come to the following conclusions:(1)The main driving forces of urban construction land expansion include citizens’ income growth, the resident population growth, the popularity of private cars and growth in fixed asset investment. In rural areas, the main driving forces include farmers’ income growth, low risk of illegal land occupation and the lack of exit mechanism for homestead.(2)The forces that inhibit the expansion of urban and rural construction land include agglomeration diseconomies, narrowing scope of land requisition, industrial restructuring, raising the cost of illegal land occupation and improving the homestead exit mechanism. In order to form effective supply and demand relationships, the homestead should be allowed to change into operating construction land and enter the market under certain conditions; meanwhile, the government should reduce the intervention on collective construction land transfer, and change its role to supervision and services.(3) In the way of land expropriation, enhancing farmers’ consciousness of protect their land rights as well as governments’ cost of violation can effectively curb governments’motive of seeking profit by depressing land compensation.(4) In the rural land remediation approaches, when no companies participate, the game outcome of the government and the farmers are uncertain. Governments prefer to provide preferential policies implemented by the business-led. However, in this case, there is no pure strategy Nash equilibrium, and the game outcome depends on monitoring costs of farmers, the possible cost savings and intensity of penalties for non-compliance.(5) In the market allocation approaches, due to the presence of asymmetric information, companies may choose to damage the interests of farmers leaving the fair trade. This means that government’s regulation is needed in the course of land market transactions to raise the cost of violations. |
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