| Currently, our country vigorously promote the development of woody oil industry, the eucommia ulmoides seed kernels are rich in fat, protein and variety of secondary metabolites, it is an excellent resource of woody oil and medicament. The eucommia ulmoides kernal Oil was identified as a new resource food by the Ministry of Health in 2009. The soft capsules of seed oil already on the market, but there has no seed oil national standards or industry standards, it is not conducive to the development of eucommia ulmoides oil. Eucommia seed kernel has the highest content of aucubin in all plants reported, from 8% up to 11%, so it has a high economic value.First, the quality of the eucommia key fruit seed and the seed kernel from the main producing areas were analyzed, Second, the quality of eucommia ulmoides seed kernel oil produced by different techniques was studied. Third, the process condition of extraction oil by the whole seeds was optimized. The last, the detection of aucubin was studied. The purpose was to provide a technical support for the efficient use of eucommia ulmoides seeds oil and the development of aucubin.In this study, the eucommia ulmoides seeds from Lueyang Shaanxi, Lingbao Henan and Guizhou Zunyi were got, and the composition of the eucommia key fruit and the eucommia ulmoides seed kernel were analyzed. The colour of the eucommia key fruit was reddish brown, the linear length was 27~39 mm, the width was 8~13 mm, and the average of the grain weight was 62.36~65.10g; The content of kernel in the eucommia key fruit was 42.46%~43.92%, the good kernel in the whole seeds was 87.53%~98.02%, the moisture content was 6.58%~7.61%, the average content of crude fat was 14.89%; The content of the crude fat, crude protein, crude fiber, ash, total sugar and moisture in the eucommia ulmoides seed kernels were 33.58% ~ 39.51%, 26.50% ~ 27.76%, 4.47% ~ 4.78%, 3.21% ~ 3.46%, 21.74%~24.00%, 5.11%~5.83%.Because of the low content of crude fat and the lot of gutta percha in the eucommia ulmoides seeds, it was very hard to get pressure eucommia ulmoides oil. So it was necessary to get the kernel separate from the eucommia key fruit. The seed husk has no connect with the kernel, so it is very easy to separate them. We cutted the eucommia key fruit from the longitudinal, and then shocked through a 4 mm hole sieve, and got the seed husk and kernel separated. The sheller rates was from 80.95% to 85.32%, when the water content was from7.16% to 4.16%. When the water content was reduced, the scattered resistance of the crushed eucommia ulmoides seeds was improved, It become more easy to peel the seeds.So the characteristic index and the quality indicators of eucommia seed kernel oil could be studied. The refractive index, relative density, iodine value, saponification value and the percent of the unsaponifiable matter of eucommia seed kernel oil were 1.4783~1.4813, 0.9247 ~ 0.9314, 174.2 ~ 196.2 g/100 g, 189.5 ~ 194.7 mg KOH/g, 0.36% ~ 1.26%, respectively. The quality indicators of eucommia seed kernel oil, such as acid value, peroxide value, the water content and the color determined by Lovibond were 1.0~4.7 mg KOH/g, 2.2~5.2 mmol/kg, 0.01%~0.04%, Y=35,R≤8,B≤8. The acid value, color and phospholipid content of the eucommia seed kernel(peeled by mechanical) pressure oil from Lingbao, Henan were 4.7 mg KOH/g,(Y35, R8.0), B6.0,and 0.41%, respectively. The above indicators of the eucommia seed kernel(peeled by manual) pressure oil from Lueyang, Shanxi and Wenquan, Guizhou were(1.0,0.8mg KOH/g),(Y35,R5.0,Y35,R5.0) and(0.01% 、0.01%).When compared to Lingbao, Henan, the other two sample had a poor quality, so the quality of crude oil had a closely related to the quality of materials. The pressure kernel oil by mechanical need refine.The pressure kernel oil of Zunyi, Guizhou and Lueyang, Shaanxi(peeled by manual) were golden color, acid value and peroxide value was very low. Referring to camellia seed oil national standard(GB/T11765-2003) and linolenic linseed oil standard(GB/T 8235-2008) with belong to woody oil, it reached one grade oil(acid value≤1.0, peroxide value≤6)(not yet national standard of eucommia ulmoides seed Oil).There had 7 kinds of fatty acids in the eucommia seed kernel oil. They were α- linolenic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid and behenic acid. The contents of the 7 kinds of fatty acids were 56.38%~63.42%, 16.84%~19.55%, 11.29%~14.49%, 5.82%~6.79%, 2.25%~2.73%, 0.33%~0.49%, ND~0.38%, respectively. The saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids were 45%~10.18%,89.82%~91.55%, and had a almost equal amount of α- linolenic acid with linseed oil(39%~62%).By the method of pancreas lipase hydrolysis, the Sn-2 position fatty acids were analyzed and the trilycerides composition of eucommia seed kernel oil which come from three different habitats were calculated according to 1,3-random-2-random distribution doctrine. The mainly fatty acids were linoleic, oleic acid and linoleic, total content of three kinds of unsaturated fatty acid as high as 90.62%~95.70%. The content of three unsaturated fatty acid esters were 75.41%、76.58%、74.32%, and saturated two unsaturated fatty acid ester content were 14.51%、13.79%、14.89. The triglycerides were mainly composed of Ln Ln Ln(21.38% to 25.44%)、Ln OLn(19.26% to 20.41%)、Ln LLn(13.66%~14.23%), they were all three unsaturated fatty acid esters. The contents of other triglycerides were lower.The content of vitamin E(VE) in the eucommia seed kernel oil was 1055.3~1156.6 mg/Kg. The main components were γ-TP, δ-TP, and the total amount of them were 95.83%~98.41% of VE. The total amount of sterol was 4079.4~6388.0 mg/kg and the main of the phytosterols were β-sitosterol and campesterol. The ratio of β-sitosterol to total sterol was 88.05%~89.90%. The content of phospholipid in the three eucommia seed kernel extraction oil was 0.35%~0.69%. The test showed that the oxidation induction time of the eucommia seed extraction oil was higher than the pressure oil, so the extraction oil had a better oxidation stability.Hand shelling limited the industrial production. When press oil with the seed husk, there would be a little oil or no oil and a lot gutta percha content. So the technology of extraction oil by peeling the for seed husk was studied.A series of processing to the Eucommia seed like crushing, screening, winnowing can separate part shell, the kernel rate of obtained material increased by 18%, the rate of oil increased 7.5%, Eucommia rubber content decreased by 9.0%.The obtained material as raw material, hexane as solvent, get the optimum extraction conditions by single factor tests and L9(34) orthogonal experiment :extraction time was 10 min, temperature 55 ℃, liquid to solid ratio is 14;1, times of extraction is 4 times. Under these conditions, the oil rate was 18.60% and the yield of Eucommea rubber was 1.34%. The qualities of oils that obtained from eucommia seed and kernel were analyzed and investigated. The results show that: the acid value(4.1 mg KOH?g-1) and peroxide value(5.3 mmol·kg-1) of eucommia seed oil were higher than acid value(0.8 mg KOH?g-1) and peroxide value(2.6mmol·kg-1) of kernel oil by solvent extraction. The eucommia seed oil had the poor quality, so the experiment had a refining process on it. The acid price from 4.1mg KOH ? g-1 dropped to 0.2mg KOH ? g-1, the peroxide value from 9.0 mmol ? kg-1 down to 0.8 mmol ? kg-1, and the color was(Y25, R1.1, B0.0) shallow, it met the first grade oil(refer to the GB / T 8235-2008 of flaxseed oil). It was found that the frozen test of the refined eucommia seed oil products was failed, but it resumed clarification at room temperature(25 ℃). When had a saponification treatment on the refined oil, it was found that the saponification liquid was turbid, then added water, there had some white filaments visible. When the refined oil reconstituted with acetone, the white substance precipitated, centrifuged to obtain the mixture oil, then removing the solvent by rotary evaporation. The freezing test of the obtained oil was satisfactory and that its solution after saponification had no white floc.The aucubin in eucommia ulmoides kernel and processed products were determined that the content of aucubin in Eucommia ulmoides kernel from different habitats is 6.86% ~ 15.44%, the content of aucubin in Eucommia ulmoides kernel oflueyang, shanxi were lowest significantly than that of the content of aucubin in Eucommia ulmoides kernel which come fro m lingbao,henan and zunyi,guizhou.The content of aucubin in pressed cake was 8.94~19.65%, the extracted meal was 5.25%~ 16.60%, the content of aucubin in pressed cake was lower than the extracted meal which come from the same origin.Eucommia ulmoides defatted meal was the matetial, ethanol washing protein concentrate experiment found that when the extract solvent is aqueous ethanol, protein concentration and extraction solvent will turn black, aucubin neither in meal nor the solvent extraction. Only when anhydrous ethanol as the extraction solvent, the protein concentrate was white and aucubin mainly concentrated in extracting solutin. Using ethanol as solvent, defatted as the raw material, the extraction of aucubin was studied. The optimal extraction conditions were as follws: temperature 80 ℃, the time 20 min, the liquid to material ratio(m L/g) 8:1, the extraction times 2 times, the extraction rate of AU was 94.82%. |
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