Optimal Allocation Of Grassland Nutrition And Healthy Breeding Of Cattle And Sheep Of Technology Demonstration In The Karst Rocky Desertification Areas

At the center of Guizhou plateau in South China, karst areas have the most typical fragile environment with complex human-land eco-system in the world. Because of human beings’ unreasonable actions, there exist such phenomena in the karst areas as follows: rock bareness, soil depletion, fragile environment and extensive rocky desertification, which have been the most serious eco-environment problems. How to break this vicious cycle of “poverty-seize resource-gradual environmental degradation and deterioration-further poverty” is the primary task to restore the rocky desertification ecological environment(Xiong Kangning, 1999). Academician Yuan(2014) pointed out that the pattern of grassland stockbreeding development was a systematic engineering of rocky desertification control. How to make full use of forage resources to improve the forage utilization efficiency for development of grassland stockbreeding is the main task of the national rocky desertification control project in the Planning Outline of Karst Rocky Desertification Comprehensive Control(2006-2015) approved by the State Council in 2008. So it is very necessary to study the optimal allocation of grassland nutrition and healthy breeding of cattle and sheep of technology demonstration in the karst rocky desertification areas. In 2013-2016, the theory of niche complementary, animal nutrition with healthy breeding, physical geography and spatial heterogeneity is the theoretical basis. According to the integrated agricultural production system of "natural geographic features- vegetation- animal", the karst plateau mountain of Salaxi Demonstration Zone in Bijie, which is a typical case for potential- light rocky desertification area, and karst plateau canyon of Guanling-Zhenfeng Huajiang Demonstration Zone, a typical case for moderate- intensity rocky desertification area, were selected as the research demonstration base. Understanding of rocky desertification surrounding includes similar native vegetation, plants suitable drought hardy properties, different landform parts or habitat for the reference of the difference of gradient background by the method of literature review; The field and indoor experiment evidence analysis method were developed for the determination of different forage nutritive value; And using qualitative and quantitative analysis methods to build a grassland nutrition optimized allocation system under the condition of different grade rocky desertification, combined with cattle and sheep entity digest. The theoretical basis, coupled model, key technology, technology demonstration, monitor assessment, model promotion and application of optimal configuration of grassland nutrition and the healthy cattle and sheep breeding were studied furthermore draw the following conclusions.(1) Mixed forage nutrition transformation rate is higher than the single forage based on the ecological animal husbandry production heory of "physical geographical features-vegetation- animal”. And the best mix ratio of leguminous and gramineous forage is of 3:7. Strengthen the collocation of more genera forage grass varieties to meet the nutritional needs of cattle and sheep is the focus of future development.We mainly select high quality forage for suitable growth such as Trifolium repens, Alfalfa, Hemarthria Brome, perennial Ryegrass, Orchardgrass, Pennisetum Hydridum and Paper Mulberry, etc. The nutrient degradation properties for unicast, different mixing rate of forage were determined through the rumen fistula method. The results showed that the nutrient absorption and utilization state with selection forage of Trifolium repens, Alfalfa and perennial Ryegrass are very good for cattle and sheep. The nutrition conversion rate of mixed forage is higher than the single forage, and the best mix ratio of leguminous and gramineous forage is of 3:7. The diversity of animal nutrition demands are the basis of maintaining livestock health, establish the system of many species accords with the basic law of ecological system development. Therefore, in order to improve the grassland system suitability of natural geography, the construction of grassland in desertification areas should fully follow the basic law and appropriate to increase the diversity of grassland production system.Choosing the optimal forage in the superior forage when possible to strengthen more varieties of multidisciplinary forage collocation to meet the nutritional needs for cattle and sheep is the key point for future development.(2) Under the condition of different rocky desertification, proposing models of the nutrient mix of forage with healthy breeding of cattle and sheep, developing two major systems of forage nutrition and grass storage. Next, we need to develop well-bred breeding technology optimizing industry layout in order to perfect a complete system of the grass grow.Put forward forage nutrition and health of cattle and sheep breeding patterns based on different levels of karst ecological environment adaptable species selection and the cattle and sheep nutritional requirements. Forage grass nutrition collocation system patterns were proposed according to different genera of the differences between forage nutrition, make full use of the mixed pasture for nutritional differences complementary; mixed grass nutrition conversion rate is higher than single, the collocation of forage nutrition production can be increased by 14%- 25% at the same time that proved by the entity digestion experiment; effective use of the ground and underground space to supplement nutrients for soil. Grass storage system is the effective combination of the relationship between forage and livestock husbandry, increase livestock system facilities, reinforce the training of forage planting technology, establish livestock such as cattle and sheep breeding base, livestock and poultry breeding technology development and application to form a complete industrial chain of technology. Forage, as the main source of nutrition for animals, in the future development of forage nutrition system, in order to promote the healthy development of the grassland animal husbandry, more attention should be paid to the quality and quantity of forage, breeding or the introduction of more varieties of forage and increase the contribution of native plants to cattle and sheep feeding rate.(3) Put forward the technology of grass planting, sheep breeding, cold and warm season forage planting for the construction of combination of partitioning and cattle and sheep housing. On this basis, the technical system needs to be expanded to improve technical process.Feeding cattle in shed can effectively control the cattle trampling on pasture and damage to the ecological environment, it can reduce the amount of exercise and contributes to weight gain. Feeding sheep is different to cattle, it should be conducted both in shed and outdoor. Grazing cooperate with fodder fatten mode pay more attention to judge the forage grass, less fine fodder should be fed at night, forage supply greatly weakened in autumn and winter, and mixed fine fodder should be supplied following the body weight of 0.5%-1% in general. To form a production pattern that rely mainly on high quality forage while take fine fodder as secondary reliance, increase the development of wild forage resources utilization, open up the new forage resources, speed up the development of concentrated fodder and complements of fine fodder should be paid more attention in the future.(4) Optimal allocation of grassland nutrition and healthy breeding of cattle and sheep of technology demonstration were improved in Bijie salaxi, Zhenfeng-Guanling Huajiang demonstration projects, the major technology demonstration area reached 55 hm2, and it has a remarkable demonstration effect. Expanding the number of demonstration sites distribution, developing typical demonstration farmers are the direction of future efforts.Optimal allocation of grassland nutrition and healthy breeding of cattle and sheep of technology demonstration were started in September 2013. Technology demonstration includes cattle shed standardization demonstration projects, sheepfold standardization demonstration project, forage nutrition collocation technology demonstration project, improvement of grassland demonstration project and grass planting technology demonstration. Currently, the demonstration area grass-fed technology has been widely positive recognized and responded by the people who were engaged in the grass planting and livestock raising industries, and animal husbandry of the demonstration area has entered a virtuous circle. But the demonstration sites are not enough, so that there is lack of conditions for the people to visit and study. In the future, more demonstration sites and bigger demonstration area are of great importance. And we should organize some outstanding farmers to share their experience to others.(5) Monitor and evaluate the optimal allocation of grassland nutrition and healthy breeding of cattle and sheep pattern showed that the ecological environment was improved, the income was increased, the area of rocky desertification was reduced, the rocky desertification control was presented benign trends. Therefore, the pattern can be promotion and application with further perfect.Demonstration sites adopted feeding ways of semi-grazing with semi-feeding and feeding in shed, it can effectively control high strength and high frequency continuous grazing, and it can help to forage recovery, enhance forage coverage and improve the uniformity of grassland utilization, thereby it has higher plant diversity index than continuous grazing. Through long-term cattle digestive test, weight gaining effect and forage yield in the field nutrition dynamic monitoring found that the ecological environment has improved in karst rocky desertification area, irrigation and water conservancy facilities was perfected, grass mix proportion was moderate. Soil and vegetation coverage has increased, soil erosion modulus showed a decreasing trend year by year. It also improved the economic conditions of farmers. In the future, we should increase the monitoring and evaluation indicators and expand the monitoring area to protect the contribution rate of grassland animal husbandry to the rocky desertification control.