The History Of Deliberative Democracy Between Countries

As the theoretical reflection of elitist democracy, pluralist democracy,participatory democracy and consensus, deliberative democracy had graduallybecome a new paradigm for western democratic theory research scholars from thebeginning of the1980s. At present, the researches on the issues of deliberative policyand deliberative democracy for domestic scholars have become a ascendant trend,mainly in the following aspects:1. Normative ideals on deliberative democracy;2.Consultation as institutional structures and decision-making mechanisms;3. Localdemocracy practice in the vision of deliberative democracy;4. Political practice inmulticultural background;5. Ecological crisis and democracy in basic level. But inthe diplomatic field, deliberative democracy has rarely involved for domestic andforeign scholars. This paper attempts to explore and discuss democratic theorycentering Sino-Soviet relations from1949to1991making international consultativedemocracy as a new perspective.This paper includes six parts:Part I: Introduction. This part includes topic origin, review of deliberativedemocracy and Sino-Soviet relations, and research methods and innovation of thispaper.Part II: Theory of deliberative democracy among nations and historical changesof Sino-Soviet relations (from19491to1991). This part first introduces theoverview on development of the theory of deliberative democracy, including theconcept of deliberative democracy and development process and proposing thetheory of deliberative democracy among nations; Second, it describes deliberativedemocracy and Sino-Soviet relations from the possibility and limit on impactanalyzing from several perspectives. At last it reviews the history transition processof Sino-Soviet relations, probably divided into three historical periods: Leaguehoneymoon period-Differences and confrontation period-"Normalization" period.Part III: Formation of consultation mechanism and alliance honeymoon period(from late1940s to late1950s).This part first describes the evidences of formation of consultation mechanismsbetween China and the Soviet Union from a series of historical events, such as Mao Zedong’s visit to the Soviet Union in1950, China’s close cooperation with SovietUnion in Korean War, Moscow Conference in1957. The relevant differences hadfully consulted between China and Soviet Union and between socialist camps. In thecontext of such consultations, there were also conflicts between China and theSoviet Union on national interests. Because of Mao Zedong’s insistence and theneed to adhere to the global strategic interests of the Soviet Union, and ultimatelyChina and the Soviet Union signed the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Allianceand Mutual Assistance.Part IV: Rupture of consultation mechanism and differences and confrontationperiod (1960s and1970s). This part focuses on the rupture of consultationmechanism and confrontation between China and the Soviet Union. Since there werehuge differences in ideology, national interests between China and the Soviet Union,the relations between the two parties and two nations began to be hostile even fightagainst each other and eventually led to rupture of the consultation mechanismbetween the two countries.Part V: Reconstruction of consultation mechanism and "normalization" period(from1980s to early1990s).In1980s, international and domestic situations hadundergone great changes. In China, Cultural Revolution had ended and entered in anew historical period of reform and opening up. In the Cold War, the Soviet Unionturned on the defensive. Bilateral relations between China and the Soviet Unionbecame normal. To this end, China and the Soviet Union had been tried hard for along time. Gorbachev’s visit to China declared the normalization of Sino-Sovietrelations.Part VI: Historical lessons of theory and practice on deliberative democracybetween China and the Soviet Union. This part is about the theory of deliberativedemocracy among nations and some experiences and lessons from practice betweenChina and the Soviet Union, providing a theoretical basis for the future developmentof Sino-Russian relations as well as our other bilateral or multilateral diplomaticrelations.Reviewing this paper, with copper as a mirror, you can dress up; with history asa mirror, you can know rise and fall；with person as a mirror, you can see advantagesand disadvantages. The historical process of ups and downs between China and the Soviet Union had given future generation rich experience and lessons. Theperspective of deliberative democracy among countries bound to add new contentsand options for the future development of our country in diplomatic field.