The Study Of Primary Schools Transform Ation In Chongqing City(1949-1953)

The change of politics results in the change of education.T0 transform schools in Nationalist Government is the main content of social reformation and important channel of onsolicdating the new-born political power and developing new-democracy culture.In the early years of New China,the purpose of school transformation is to transform the old schools guiding by the old thoughts into revolutionary primary schools.Therefore,on the basis of taking over Chongqing,the CPC reformed the teachers and students,management and teaching of primary schools in Chongqing city.At the beginning of liberation,Chonqing took over the primary schools by receiving and supervising.In the absence of cadres,the culture and education takeover committee adoptes the policy of maintaining schools and dispatched liaison men and military representatives to take over primary schools in Chongqing city rapidly.During the management phase,Chongqing enhanced the administration and adjusted leaders to strengthen the leadership of primary schools.Chongqing maintained all the public schools,reorganized and consolidated private schools,and finished handing over schoos founded by masses and factories.However,Chongqing ignored the transformation of old-styld private schools.After taking over,Chongqing established new education order,which layed the foundation of transformation successfully.After the founding of new China,“Education is to serve the workers and peasants”was always adhered to by the CPC.In the aspects of school running system and pupil management,Chongqing city provided advantages for the workers’ children,which solved the contradiction between the increasing requirement of entering schools and limited school development effectively.Chongqing encouraged masses,factories and mines to operate schools while focused on making a good job of public primary schools.Besides,Chongqing enrolled workers’ children preferentially.In order to let the children from poor families and children of martyrs and revolutionary soldiers enter schools,Chongqing decided to waive tuition and fees for them.In order to let the over-age children enter schools,Chognqing provided them the chance by setting up over-age children crash classes.However,there occured a contradiction among increasing students,short of teachers and teaching facilities,the placement of graduates.And the root of the problems is economical deficiency in New China.Teachers are the leading force in schooling.In order to implement the the educational policies of new democracy,transform or improve teachers’ edeological and political level and teaching level,according to the standard of “being politically reliable”,Chongqing carried out the thought reform among teachers initially by stages and in groups through gathering teachers during the summer and winter vacation,combining political campaigns like the Resisting America and Aiding North Korea Movement and in-service education for about three years.Whatever approach Chognqing used,the initial though refom was not out of political campaigns like the Resisting America and Aiding North Korea Movement.And the though refom once developed into though refom movement.Teachers developed their professional qualities while concentrating on studying politics,which sweeped some obstacles for teaching transformation.The process of teaching transformation is the process of learning from the Soviet Union in the early years of New China.Schools used five-year schooling instead of“four two” schooling,adopted teaching program and part of textbooks of the Soviet Union,and the teaching method was deeply influenced by Kairov’s teaching principles.Chongqing allowed the differences between courses,teaching program and textbooks caused by schooling reform and setting up over-age children crash classes while tried to unify them.However,there arised a problem of appling mechanically,because the limited economic capabilities and inexperience.The five-year schooling was suspended.During the process of learning the advanced educational theory and educational methods,there were problems of formalism and dogmatism.Therefore,China is supposed to combine its own national conditions and insist critical spirit to learn foreign teaching experience in teaching reform at present.Moral education in primary schools in New China concerns the future and destiny of New China.In order to mould the pupils builders of socialism,the primary schools payed attention to ideological and moral education in extra-curricular activities while sticked to education in classes.Especially,primary schools reformed the campus culture,and organized affluent campus cultural activities depending on Young Pioneers.Besides,combining the Resisting America and Aiding North Korea Movement,the government organized children to attend social activities like demonstration.However,some problems in practice as teaching rigidly,over social activities and so on,resulted in teaching confusion.Coming to power didn’t mean that the totally revolutionary success for the CPC.Plenty of KMT’s remaining forces in Chongqing still carried out acts of sabotage.Under the circumstance of lower economic level and lacek of cadres,the CPC adopted its familiar “revolutional spirit” and “revolutional method” to reform primary schools.Therefore,during the process of primary school reform,political campains became the“magic weapon”,which made the process revealed the characteristics of campaign and class.