The History Of Higher Education Of Chinese Minority Medicine

Minority medicine is a collective name of the traditional medicine of all ethnic minority groups in China,and also as the tool for survival of minorities.Under the challenges of modernization ,the knowledge and experience of national medicine in China has been facing the crisis of recession, mutation and extinction.In general,it presents the following features: ancient and diverse, distinctive cultural characteristics,unbalanced development, relatively lagging of development. Its inheritance mainly go through a series of modes, including shaped by environment, master and apprentice legend,monastery education, modern school education and higher education, of which master and apprentice legend is the most commonly used. Currently, there are many different forms of national medical education in China, and higher education being the main way.Until the end of 2016, medicine of Tibetan, Mongolian, Uygur, Dai, Zhuang, Yao,Miao, Yi, Korean, Kazakh have been incorporated into the education system of colleges and universities.. After nearly 60 years of zigzag development, part of them have become a system of its own, with a large number of national medicine higher talents cultivated. This paper combs the development context of the medical systems of ten minority groups, tracing its origin, studying its development status,characteristics and trends and it's obstacles, education system reform, ideas, with the results and the impact of the policy also studied. In order to enrich the connotation of theory of minority medicine, the factors affecting modern heritage of national medicine are also studied All these will be helpful for the ethnic minorities traditional culture, literature, science and technology as well.The history of national medical education covers a great many territories, such as ethnology, medicine, pedagogy, methodology and so on. Literature and field investigation are the main research methods in this paper, the literature methods includes libraries, archives, internet, field literature collection. Universities, hospitals,Institutes of degree office, museum, archives, libraries, laboratories of Gansu, Tibet,Sichuan, Qinghai, Yunnan, Guangxi, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region are visited and other places for field research,with access to materials and information about its policies and regulations, literature review, research status, education base, clinical teaching, curriculum, training model,courses, teaching reform, communication dispatch, enrollment and employment. To achieve those datas, the interview and the questionnaire methods are used in interviews with academic leaders, archivists, teachers, undergraduate and postgraduate representatives to obtain evaluation, expectations, suggestions and other subjective information.Based on historical development, with the application of method of literature study and comparative study, and the specificities of higher education of medicine of minority groups in China, its development can be divided into three stages, viz., the embryonic period (1958-1976), the growth period (1977-1997) and the rising period(1998-2016). In this paper, the basic situation of education of Minority medicine is expounded in the study, and the characteristics of the whole development are summarized. At the same time, on this basis, analyses the characteristics of minority medicine higher education in China currently, the development trend and the existing barriers, with proposition on the minority medicine and some thinking and suggestions to the further development of higher education.Experiencing the processes of 60 years of development, the Minority medicine of higher education in our country now has a total of 23 Universities and Academies conducting minority pharmaceutical professional undergraduate and graduate education. In 1958, the Mongolian medicine started to enroll undergraduate education,followed by medicine of Tibetan, Uygur, Dai, Zhuang, Yao, Miao, Yi, Kazakh, with a total of 11 kinds of minority medicine in the undergraduate education. Beginning from nothing, in 1980, one first postgraduate in Mongolian medicine was admitted,although finally failed to get a degree, yet it had opened the national medical graduate student education after all. The medicine of Tibetan, Mongolian, Uygur, Dai, Zhuang,Yao, Tujia, Miao, Yi, Kazakh medicine conducted a total of 12 national medicine graduate education work, whereas the medicine of Zhuang, Yao and Tujia began their higher medical postgraduate education in such a high starting point right away. In addition, the Tibetan, Mongolian and Dai already had its doctorates developed.Minority medicine's higher education levels from simplification to multilevel,has formed a developing pattern of higher education of undergraduate education, with priority given to undergraduate, complemented by tertiary education, leading by graduate student for minority medical and pharmaceutiucal education. It also gradually has formed a researchsystem, paying attention to communicate with and learn from one another, attaching great importance to the traditional education, such as its own characteristics, and presents the developing trend of internationalization.According to its own development, this paper analyzes the main influence factors and the mutual relationship of medical education and medical thinking, puts forward the seeking truth from fact by adjusting measures to local conditions. The development of minority medicine's higher education should encourage non-government education and attach importance to exchange and reference..