The Study Of Other Industries In The Ming And Qing Dynasties

Guanzhong area lies to the south of Beishan Mountains and to the north of Qinling Mountains,and Weihe River run through the area,as a result,the mountains and river made Guanzhong enjoy the reputation of being a 'Heavenly Land of Plenty'.Xi'an is located in Guanzhong area and was the capital of varies dynasties in Ancient China,so there are abundant cultural heritages in Guanzhong.For example,villa,the target of this dissertation,is a typical example with.architecture,literature,aesthetic and philosophy values.Elegant natural environment,high political positions and a high level of economic development are the basis of the construction of villa.The development of villa reached its climax in Tang Dynasty,and the most famous one isWangchuan Vill,which belonged to Wang Wei,a poet and painter.Due to the transaction of the center of economy from North to South and loss of high political statue,the development of villa in Guanzhong area was fell behind the villa in Jiangnan and Beijing.However,villa is a product of the mixture of natural environment 'and artifact,we can learn more about the natural environment of Guanzhong during Ming and Qing Dynasties,study further about the relationship between the environment and the owner and preserve the its different values.Thus not only can the culture of this area be promoted,but also the exploitation and usage of heritage in Guanzhong benefit a lot.In addition,we would think more about the relationship between human and the natural environment in modern times and put forward suggestions for the development of countryside and urban,even the tourist industry.The background is Ming and Qing Dynasties.Firstly,defining the term 'villa' and'Guanzhong'.Being another property of the owner apart from the primary mansion,villa is usually located in sites with beautiful sceneries and is built for entertainment,leisure and sightseeing.Bieshu(??)is the name of villa in Chinese,firstly appeared in early Tang Dynasty.Meanwhile,Bieye(??)was used more often than Bieshu in Tang Dynasty.During Song and Yuan Dynasties,Bieshu took the prominence in written language.Besides of Bieye and Bieshu,ancient Chinese also called villa as Jingshe(??),Shanju(??),Bieguan(??),Shanfang(??),Caotang(??).Villa usually functioned as a palce for study,habitation,leisure and agriculture.Secondly,with the help of local chronicles and anthology,I sorted out the number of villa(171)in Guanzhong area in Ming and Qing Dynasties in units of county.On the basis of the data,I made case studies to learn the effects on the geographical distribution of natural environment,the level of development of economy and political position.Thirdly,I looked into the temporal characteristics by the collected statistics.The construction of villa in Guanzhong started in Early Ming Dynasty,stepped into a better period in middle Ming Dynasty,reached its peak in Late Ming Dynasty and Early Qing Dynasty,and declined in Middle and Late Qing Dynasty.Fourthly,I studied owners of villas and their activities.There are three main groups,including intellectuals,officers,farmers and merchants.Fifthly,I have concluded the factors that influencing the building of villa.More villas could be found in places with beautiful landscape and elegant environment,a high level of development of economy,and convenient traffic condition.What's more,when the country was at peace,villa functioned more as a place for study and leisure.Oppositely,when the country was at war,villa was more like a place to hide away.Sixthly,villa functioned as a place for study,leisure,habitation,agriculture and charity.The intellectual and gentry,who were critical about the name of villa,were the major groups possessing villa in Guanzhong.The primary methods were using the first name of the owner,the location of villa,the main function,literary meaning,historical allusions,landscape characteristics and ideal.Moreover,the design and creation of villa linked closely with the owner himself.Seventhly,I looked further into the detailed information and material structure,such as mountains,stones,rivers,lakes,plants and animals which had profound meaning rather than their appearance.The designer either took the mountain or river as the background to create atmosphere,or made them one of the artificial part of the villa to meet the pursuit of the nature.As for the selection and arrangement of plants and animals,on one hand,the subsistence of animals and plants were limited by the climate.On the other hand,the owner might choose the plants and animal by their symbolic significance and visual effects.