Study Of The Construction "You (Yi) Dian + X" ("?(?)?+x")

"You(Yi)Dian + x"("?(?)?+X")is a construction which is frequently used in verbal communication.We are familiar with it during learning Chinese.The meaning of this construction is very simple:using before nouns,it means "little bit";using before adjectives and verbs,it means "low levels" and often express dissatisfied things.However,in actually using,"You(Yi)Dian"("?(—)?")doesn' t always means "little bit" or "low levels";at times,it appears with "much"or "high levels" in a sentence,where it can weaken the degree of unsatisfactory,and soften the tone,highlighting it' s pragmatic function,so that the communication can be fluent,and the interpersonal relationship can be harmonious.This point is usually neglected by the teacher and the scholar.We try to research this construction roundly both in synchronic angle and diachronic angle,hoping that we can know it more systematically and accurately.We hope that this research can make Chinese language itself more complete,and we will put forward to some effective suggestions about foreign language teaching in the research.We study the construction "You(Yi)Dian + X"("?(?)?+X")adopting the descriptive method,induction,literature method,reanalysis method,and so on.Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 study things about Chinese language itself;chapter 4 is the study about application of Chinese.The first chapter is introduction,introducing the theory of the construction,object,methods of the study,significance,and reviews the current status of studies on this subject.The second chapter is synchronic study about“You(Yi)Dian + X”("?(?)?+X").Main conclusions of this research are as follows:1.The corresponding relation between the affirmative form and the negative forms of“You(Yi)Dian + X"("?(?)?+X")The negative forms of "You(Yi)Dian + X"("?(?)?+X")are"Mei You Yi Dian + X"("????+X"),"Yi Dian X Ye Mei You"("?? X ???"),"Yi Dian(ye)Bu + X"("??(?)?+X")."Yi Dian"("??")is the same part in the affirmative form and the negative forms of "You(Yi)Dian+X"("?(?)?+X"),whose meaning are same in two kind of forms in general."Yi Dian"("??")in the affirmative form of "You(Yi)Dian + X"("?(?)?+X")means "least" and "lowest level",therefore,two form will be more corresponding when "Yi Dian"("??")in affirmative form is more close to "little" and "low level".Otherwise they are not corresponding.2.The typical meaning of "You(Yi)Dian + X"("?(?)?+X")This construction can divide into "You(Yi)Dian + NP"("?(?)?+NP")and "You(Yi)Dian + AP/VP"("?(?)?+AP/VP").The meaning of the construction is a continuum from untypical sense to typical sense."Dian"("?")means little or low level.So,the meaning of the construction is untypical when the thing modified by "You(Yi)Dian"("?(?)?")is really little or at low levels and the pragmatic function of the construction isn' t distinctive.Otherwise,the meaning of the construction will be very typical.As for "You(Yi)Dian + NP"("?(?)?+NP"),whether the construction' s meaning is typical is related with the level of abstraction of NP.The more NP is abstract,the more the construction' s meaning is typical.As for "You(Yi)Dian +AP/VP"("?(?)?+AP/VP"),whether the construction' s meaning is typical is related with the sentimental color of AP/VP.The more AP/VP' s meaning is negative,the more the construction' s meaning is typical.The typical meaning of "You(Yi)Dian + x"("?(?)?+X")we concluded is as follows:A the existence of XB the quantity of X and the degree of X has subjectivity,so it is not necessary to express them,or quantity and degree is not sure,or they are not important.C weakening X,expressing something politelyIn a sentence,the more the context is subjective,the more the construction's meaning is typical.There are some manners to strengthen the subjectivity of the construction,for example,putting“indeed”before the construction.3.The pragmatic function of "You(Yi)Dian + X"("?(?)?+X")"You(Yi)Dian + X"("?(?)?+X")can be used to express something or to evaluate and judge something.On one hand,the construction weakens the quantity and the property of things in form,on the other hand,it can weaken the attitude and emotion of the speaker in function,softening the tone,so that the speaker and the listener could obtain a good interpersonal relationship,by taking care of image of each other.The third chapter is diachronic study about "You(Yi)Dian + X"("?(?)?+X").Main conclusions of this research are as follows:1.The diachronic study of "Dian"("?")The meaning and part of speech of "Dian"("?")are related with the formation of the construction "You(Yi)Dian + X"("?(?)?+X").The construction could emerge when "Dian"("?")starts to be indefinite quantifier.Our survey and statistics suggest that "Dian"("?")begin to represent shape and quantity of things from Tang Dynasty.However,the formation of the construction also needs another condition,owning pragmatic function,which "(Yi)Dian"("(?)?")didn' t have in Tang Dynasty.2.The emergent and forming routes of "You(Yi)Dian + X"("?(?)?+X")Our study suggests that,"You(Yi)Dian + NP"("?(?)?+NP")turned out in Yuan Dynasty,and officially formed in Ming Dynasty."You(Yi)Dian + AP/VP"(“?(?)?+AP/VP")turned out in Ming Dynasty and were ripe in Qing Dynasty.The formation of "You(Yi)Dian + AP/VP"("?(?)?+AP/VP")is on the basis of "You(Yi)Dian + NP"("?(?)?+NP").There are two ways to the formation of "You(Yi)Dian + AP/VP"("?(?)?+AP/VP").one way is highlighting the focus and simplifying the sentence' s form;another way is extension of NP of "You(Yi)Dian + NP"("?(?)?+NP").The fourth chapter is the study about "You(Yi)Dian + X"("?(?)?+X")in Chinese teaching and learning."You(Yi)Dian + X"("?(?)?+X")is an important language point in Chinese teaching.After analyzing examples of "You(Yi)Dian"("?(?)?")adopted from second language learning corpus in Ji ' nan University,we find that Chinese learners mainly have two error types:errors about collocation and mixing.In order that Chinese learners could understand and master this language point well,we gave some advises about textbook compilation and classroom teaching.The fifth chapter is the summary about "You(Yi)Dian + X"("?(?)?+X").The construction "You(Yi)Dian + X"("?(?)?+X")is a multidimensional language point,which we can study it from the angles of semantics,grammar,pragmatics and cognitive linguistics.This paper studies this construction roundly both in synchronic angle and diachronic angle.Limited to my cognitive level and academic performance,classification of corpus is not completely accurate in diachronic study of the construction.As for the presentation in textbooks and explanation in class about this construction in Chinese teaching,the examples are few,which are just based on personal experience.If we want to solve this problem thoroughly,we need to investigate and research this question more widely,gaining a reasonable,scientific,and effective teaching methods.