Research On The Haifang Tongzhi In The Ming And Qing Dynasties

The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the main period of emphasis on coastal defense and the construction of coastal defense in Chinese history.They were also an important period for the construction of coastal defense military forces to coordinate with military and political cooperation and gradually form a relatively complete coastal defense system.Among them,the establishment of civil defense officials in Haifang is an indispensable part of the coastal defense system,which is related to the operation and implementation of the coastal defense in the country.However,the current academic research on coastal defense is mostly concentrated on the military level.The research on the civil defense civilian affairs is obviously insufficient.Therefore,this paper starts from the coastal defense crisis since the middle and late Ming Dynasty,breaks through the limitations of the research content,and takes the coastal defense knowledge as the research object.Analyze a large number of historical materials such as chronicles,archives and essays,and explore the causes,processes,functions,spatial distribution and evolution of the sea defense in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,and analyze in detail the historical role played by the coastal defense and coastal defense in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The study of Qinghai defense has made certain supplements.This paper studies that:First of all,the changes in the security situation in the coastal areas require the cooperation of sea and land in coastal areas and the coordination of military and political affairs.This is the main reason for setting up civil defense officials in the local administrative system.Generally speaking,when the seas and rivers are in critical condition,from the sea defense supervisors to the sea defense and other officials,the sea defense is the core task.However,during the peaceful period,the focus of the sea defense will be concentrated on the grassroots civil servants.These officers not only retain,but also add to a certain extent,forming a phenomenon of shifting the focus of defense.However,after a fundamental change in the coastal defense environment and a series of changes in the coastal defense military,ideology,and policy,the traditional coastal defense system was completely broken,and the coastal defense function of the coastal defense was severely weakened,and then it was gradually abolished.In addition,for the distribution and jurisdiction,in the region where the crisis is relatively heavy,or the hydrological environment is unique,the distribution of the coastal defense is relatively concentrated,and the station of the coastal defense is relatively stable during the wartime period,and the jurisdiction is not detailed.The resident area is more complicated,the location is more important or difficult to treat,and the management area has certain clarity during the peacetime periodSecondly,the Ming and Qing dynasty sea defense and knowledge management affairs showed the evolution of "special-broad-less",and the focus of responsibility was changed from"military to civil affairs".Specifically,from the early Jiajing to the early Qing Dynasty,the seas and the regimes were in a state of turmoil for a long time.Therefore,in this period,the core of the coastal defense policy is to "Defense against foreign invasion." The main responsibility of Haifang Tongzhi is biased in the military field,mainly in coordination with the garrison.To resist the invasion of foreign enemies,the scope of management affairs is relatively small.However,in the middle of the Qing Dynasty,the coastal defense pressure was greatly slowed down,and the duties of Haifang Tongzhi were generalized.The management focus was no longer on the military level,but more on the civil aspect.In the late Qing Dynasty,after the Opium War,the original coastal defense system was vulnerable to the Western cannons.The traditional coastal defense function of Haifang Tongzhi was weakened seriously,or gradually changed to Fumin Tongzhi,or Focusing on the responsibilities of China and foreign affairs,the scope of responsibilities is from generalization to over-intensification.Finally,the Haifang civil servant played a pivotal role in preventing the sea.Because of the establishment of specialized Haifang civilian officials,during the wartime period,in the aspects of indirect military operations such as logistics and cooperative operations,it is possible to coordinate the military,political,and civilian relations,make up for the shortage of the military,and save unnecessary military expenses.To achieve a win-win goal,in peacetime,the anti-sea policy can be implemented from the civil side to suppression of marine disastersHowever,on the other hand,the coastal defense affairs still have to be implemented by the grassroots government.Although the Ming and Qing Dynasties have local agencies such as the"Sea Defense Agency",which are responsible for coastal defense affairs,they have been affected by the thoughts,policies and systems of coastal defense.It caused the uncertainty of the maritime defense responsibilities,and thus dispersed the functions to some extent.so under the sea defense system coordinated by the military and the government,the coastal defense is not able to fully focus on the coastal defense affairs,and the supervision of the military is not in place,so for Qing In the mid-term and beyond,the sea-resistance and relaxation phenomenon,apart from being affected by the objective coastal defense environment,cannot be said to have nothing to do with the supervision and cooperation of the Haifang civil servants.This also provides historical waming.for the construction of relevant agencies such as customs and marine police.