The Research Of Shandong Army In The Early Republic Of China(1912-1916)

Yuan Shikai ordered the northern army in Shandong Province to retreat to Laizhou and re-hang the five-color flag,marking that the Northern Warlords were in control of Shandong Province.In the early years of the Republic of China,the political situation in Shandong Province was turbulent with internal and external troubles abounded.The military struggles were more frequent in various provinces.During this period,the army of Shandong Province was at the core of the dispute.Therefore,its construction effectiveness has played an important role.While inheriting the old system and institutions left over from the late Qing Dynasty New Deal in Shandong Province,it also developed towards the modernization of the military system,military logistics,soldier recruitment,and military education.During the New Deal,Shandong governors took measures such as reforming the old army,training and expanding the new army,strengthening military education and military industry construction to promote the modernization of Shandong land army.The new army controlled the situation around the 1911 Revolution and became a thrust to inspect public opinion and suppress the revolutionary trend.Before the Republic of China,the Shandong army experienced significant changes in military system,garrison,equipment,and training,to an extent,and a modernized army emerged,but the modernization of the army was not completely achieved.Therefore,at the beginning of the Republic of China,the two military and political chiefs put this into practice actively.Zhou Ziqi reduced the anti-Qing dynasty military,reorganized the original Qing government garrison in Shandong and established the Huaxing Army nitrate company.Then the Northern Warlord entered the area of Yantai,and the government gradually unified.During the period of Jin Yunpeng's administration,foreign troubles and internal conflicts came together,and dangers appeared one after another.He expanded the land army arbitrarily,and commanded the army to implement active strategic defense during the battle of Japan and Germany,and to fight against the military during the Republic-Defence War.The personal decisions and political will of the military and political chiefs dictate the current situation in Shandong.Although the two military and political leaders actively promoted the modernization of Shandong land army,the problems were particularly prominent,such as deficiency of construction ideology,the confusion of Shandong land army's construction,the uneven quality of the soldiers,the lack of improvement in the army's education,the ineffective recruitment of military systems,and the shortage of food rates.In addition,the military construction improved compared with that in the late Qing Dynasty,but there was a general problem of poor management.In the early years of the Republic of China,Shandong land army failed to achieve modernization,but on the contrary,it had intensified social conflicts and made the people suffer terribly.In the early Republic of China,the land army construction in Shandong Province was carried out against the background of the nation's rectification of the army,so it was extensive.While,its regionality and uniqueness lies in that in the early days of the Northern Warlords Government,Shandong Province was always under the rule of a military chief trusted by Yuan Shikai,and military struggles were more frequent.So,Taking the Shandong land Army in the early Republic of China as the carrier to discuss the effectiveness and problems of the national army construction is conducive to reflecting on the deep-seated reasons for the limited army construction during the Republic of China.