The Study Of Envoy Extraordinary And Minister Plenipoentiary MacMurray In The Negotiation Of Nanking Incident

John Van Antwerp MacMurray is a famous American China hand.As an expert on the Far East,MacMurray played a significant role in shaping the decision-making of China toward China in the early 20th century in the United States with the image of "hardline"representative.In March 1927,the National Revolutionary Army attacked Nanjing,and the Nanking Incident ensued.In Nanjing,there were many vicious incidents of burning down and looting of foreigners in the city.The British and American fleets used it as an excuse to shell in the cities of Nanjing.After the unrest subsided,the five nations including the United States,Britain,Japan,France and Italy put pressure on China on the issue,made demands for apologies and indemnities,and started the negotiation of Nanking Incident settlement.During the negotiations between China and the United States on the settlement of the Nanking Incident,the United States had seen a different trend of public opinions in the country.The press extensively covered this issue.The unified caliber requires that the U.S.authorities should handle the Nanking Incident with a calm and restrained attitude.The U.S.government does not exclude such public opinion and actively cooperates in shaping a moderate image.In contrast,as the direct executor and the spokesman of the U.S.to China,MacMurray,the sole prophet of the U.S.presence in China,has always shown his tough stance in the negotiation process,even at the expense of Frank B.Kellogg,the Secretary of state.After the Nanking Incident,MacMurray immediately advocated placing "ultimatum"on China.To ensure the authority of the "ultimatum," he designed a series of coercive measures such as joint pressure,withdrawal of foreign nationalities,blockade of ports,etc.,and tried to force China to unconditionally be responsible for the riot.However,the"ultimatum" proposal failed with the support of Secretary of State Kellogg and the U.S.government's approval.MacMurray changed his strategies and tried to convince Kellogg and the U.S.government to join the joint sanctions against China in accordance with the principle of "grand unification" established by the imperialist countries at the Washington meeting.The attitude of the U.S.government that refused to cooperate was still firm.Even if Britain made repeated concessions to this end,it failed to bring about a joint operation.The failure of adopting the policy has not changed MacMurray determination and attitude towards China.He tried to dispel the U.S.government in contributing to the common submission of "reunification" to the Wuhan National Government and Chen,the Foreign Minister of the National Government.The tendency of "acting alone" inside.After affirming that something cannot be done,he also asked the U.S.government to allow him to delay the negotiation process with the Kuom intang Government on the grounds of"one-sided and most-favored nation treatment." However,the U.S.government requires him to reach an early settlement with China on the Nanking Incident Almost all the proposals made by MacMurray during the negotiation of the Nanking Incident were almost rejected by Kellogg and the U.S.government,which has greatly weakened MacMurray's authority and the influence in China as the sole minister of China.MacMurray pursued the traditional foreign policy.It is no accident that he always adopted a tough stance in the negotiation process between China and the United States on the Nanking Incident.Instead,he was formed under the joint action of many factors.He always emphasized that the real interests of the United States are paramount.It is therefore not worth mentioning that at the expense of the sovereignty of other countries.He is very much in agreement with the Washington Plan.To ensure that the Washington system under this program is untenable,any attempt to break through this system was disgusting to him,and all attempts by China to fight for autonomy in tariffs and to abolish the consular jurisdiction of all countries in China had all been treated as Shamelessly challenging the authority of the Washington system.At the same time,MacMurray prejudices China and holds that "ungratefulness" is a national inferiority rooted in the blood of Chinese people.Therefore,Kellogg's and U.S.government's intention to show a moderate attitude toward China cannot be replaced by the Chinese government's future thanksgiving.The compromise of the United States will never be able to get back the dominance of China on the issue.For China's nationalism and communism,MacMurray believed nationalism and communism incitement made the Chinese into a blind fanaticism.Not only will bring no independence to China,but it will also hurt the U.S.interests in China while destroying China's future.In April 1928,China and the United States exchanged 6 letters of notes on the Nanking Incident and the one-year-old.Nanking Incident was concluded.Although the Nanking Incident was finally settled in the favor of the United States,the failure of the traditional foreign policy has deeply hurt MacMurray.The government operation in China,which was deeply constrained,did not change after the Nanking Incident,1929, MacMurray eventually resigned in anger,ending his diplomatic career with China,The loss of MacMurray in the diplomatic affairs to China is largely due to the marginalization of traditional foreign policy in the United States diplomatic affairs to China under the political structure of "imperialist diplomacy" of the 20th century.The United States has tried to abandon the old "imperialist diplomacy" by resorting to force coercion as means to safeguard its interest in China instead of the limited internationalism policy.However,MacMurray joined the United States in the attempt to establish a new international political order in the Far East with the traditional foreign policy.The fierce conflict between the two policies highlights the direction of the US policy on China's diplomatic issues during this period.