Research On Gender Equality Of Urban Workers' Pension Rights In China

Gender equality in pension rights is a common problem in the global labor market.Due to population aging,differentiated system design and system transformation,the gender equality issue of pension rights is more prominent in China.In particular,the level of pension benefits for urban employees in China is related to income,and the gender disadvantage of women in the labor market continues into pension insurance with redistribution attributes.In 2015,China implemented the reform of the pension insurance system of government agencies and public institutions,and achieved unification with the enterprise employee pension insurance system.Whether the gender impact of the pension unification is neutral and the gender gap in pension rights between government institutions and enterprises also needs further research.By constructing an actuarial model,this paper studies the gender gap in pension rights for employees of urban enterprises and government agencies and public institutions.The study found that:(1)The unification of pensions in government agencies and public institutions has increased the gender gap.Before the unification,the female pension level is 80.67% of the male,and after the unification,it is 64.74%-67.08% of the male;the enterprise female pension level is 58.24%-60.48% for men,and it is 6.48%-6.60% lower than that of government institutions.(2)The annuity system plays a great role in the gender gap in pensions,with 26.72-43.54% and 12.89-20.54% of the gender gap in pension income in government agencies,public institutions and enterprises respectively derived from annuities.(3)Preferential policies for annuity taxation can effectively reduce the gender gap in pensions.Male pay higher taxes than women when receiving annuities.The tax overpaid by men over women can be up to 12.58% of the difference between the gender pension income.(4)Extending the retirement age not only reduces the pension income gap between women and men in enterprises,government agencies and public institutions,but also reduces the gender gap in pensions before and after the unification of pensions in government agencies and public institutions.When extending the retirement age of women to 58 years old,the pension income gap between women and men is smaller than the wage gap,satisfying the basic principles of pension distribution.(5)The increase of wage growth rate,occupational annuity investment return rate,bookkeeping interest rate of personal pension insurance account has widened the pension income gap between women and men,and the growth rate of wages has the greatest impact.(6)The internal rate of return of women is higher than that of men.The internal rate of return of women in enterprises is 1.82%-1.96% higher than that of men,and that of women in government agencies and public institutions is 2.26%-2.40% higher than that of men.According to the actuarial analysis results of this paper,the following suggestions are put forward to promote gender equality of urban employees' pension rights: Reasonably delay the retirement age and implement a flexible retirement policy;accelerate the development of enterprise annuities and increase investment returns;improve the annuity tax preferential policies and expand the scope of preferences;raise the level of women's wages and ensure the growth rate of wages.