| After the subprime crisis in 2008,the global economy entered a period of slowdown,with declining employment demand and employment growth rate.Therefor national governments devote major efforts to promote strategy about innovation-driven development aimed at creating economic growth and employment growth.However,there are big differences among trade openness,industrial structure and human capital between different economies,and the effects of innovation on employment growth are also different.The research on the impact of trade openness and industrial structure on innovation-driven employment growth is mature and consistent.However,the research on human capital as the source of innovation and the necessary conditions for technology diffusion and absorption is not enough,and the link between the effect of innovation on employment quantity and employment structure is broken.These issues led that how innovation has driven employment growth are incomplete.So it will be conducive to seeking a breakthrough of promoting human capital for understanding that human capital plays a role in effect of innovation on employment among different economies,and more effectively promoting the employment growth and the transformation of employment structure.This paper studies the effect of innovation on employment from the perspective of human capital above the theoretical mechanisms and empirical tests.Based on the creative destructive effect,the capitalization effect and the double-sided effect of innovation on employment,as well as the optimization of industrial structure and skill structure of employment,It reveals the regulatory role played by human capital in the transmission mechanism of the effect of innnovation on employment,and provides a new perspective for analyzing the effect of innovation on employment.It examines dynamic charactertistics of human capital,innovation and employment in developed economies,transitional economies,and developing economies.It studies the effect of innovation on employment quantity and employment structure,its country differences from the perspective of human capital in cross-border panel data from 1990 to 2016.The conclusions of this paper are as follows:(1)At the level of theoretical mechanisms,it has found that human capital promotes innovation and technology diffusion and absorption,which in turn influences the choice of innovation modes and ultimately affects the transmission effect of employment structure and employment quantity.On the one hand,human capital stimulates creativity and helps independent research and development of new technologies and products.On the other hand,human capital makes for the learning,absorption,and imitation of advanced technologies,thereby increasing the diffusion and utilization of technological achievements.When human capital is different,it affects the promotion of innovation and the diffusion and absorption of technology.There are differences in the labor transfer between different industries,which in turn causes a different impact on the employment quanlity,specifically showing the threshold effect of employment quantity,optimization of employment industrial structure,and upgrading of employment skill structure.(2)At the level of empirical measurement,it verified the threshold of human capital for the effect of innovation on employment quanlity and the effect of innovation on employment structure under adjustment of human capital,it was found that the innovation and employment quantity in transition economies and developing economies was clearly “inverted U-shaped” characteristic of rising first and then decreasing,while the developed economies innovation has a positive effect on the employment.Further exploring the effect of innovation on employment structure from the perspective of human capital,we found that innovation inhibits employment of the first industry,promotes employment of the tertiary industry,and promotes improvement of the employment skill structure.Overall,the effect of innovation on employment industrial and skill structure is obviously best in the developed economies,but the effect of the secondary industry employment varies from country to country.The innovation of developed economies have a negative effect on employment of the secondary industry,and the innovation of the transition economies and developing economies promote employment of the secondary industry.The regulating effect of human capital was examined.Innovation through human capital deepened the effect on employment industrial structure.However,the regulation effect of human capital on the effect on employment skill structure was different.The human capital of the developed economies and transition economies has deepened the effect of innovation on the employment skill structure,and the human capital of developing economies will weaken the impact of innovation on employment skill structure.(3)From the above research conclusions,it can be seen that the different models of innovation in developed economies,transition economies,and developing economies have different effects in the employment quantity and employment structure,and the reason is traced back to the difference in human capital.Therefore,transition economies and developing economies should apply their measures of improving the human capital and innovation models to local conditions,and improve the quality of human capital at the second level,achieve a gradient in human capital.Transition economies should strengthen the construction of innovation environments such as market environment,financial environment,infrastructure,while developing economies should improve the overall level of human captial.The innovations of this paper are: Constructing a transmission mechanism of human capital affecting the effect of innovation on employment,Introducing a threshold model to empirically measure the effect of innovation on employment quantity and international comparative studies and dynamic characteristics and employment effects of advanced economies,transition economies and developing economies. |
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