Evolution And Driving Mechanism Of Rural Residential Land In Southwest Hilly Areas

Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out the whole connotation of the implement the strategy of rural revitalization,which includes five integrated construction:economic revitalization,political revitalization,culture revitalization,social revitalization and ecological civilization revitalization.As a basic geographical unit of rural society,rural residential area is the representation of the interaction between human beings and the land.It's not only reflecting the long-term process that human adapts to the natural environment,but also reflecting the carrier that human beings create space for their existence and development.It is the confirmation of our country living in the natural environment as a major agricultural country for thousands of years.Its morphological scale and evolution trend will have a far-reaching impact on the long-term development of national economy and society.Chongqing is located in the southwest hilly terrain which has a complex topography,the terrain is undulating and the elevation difference is significant,it leads that the layout is scattered and the scale is different.On the basis of its unique topography,exploring the evolution process and distribution characteristics of rural residential areas and deep studying the driving mechanism of the evolution of rural residential areas can not only provides scientific basis for the formulation and regulation of land use planning and its upper planning,which promotes the implementation of regional rural rejuvenation strategies,but also can promote the development of urban and rural space integration.Therefore,in this paper,we set the Hutou Village of Xiema Town,Beibei District,Chongqing Municipality as an empirical study on the evolution and driving mechanism of rural residential areas in the mountainous region of southwest China,and we combined with the time-sharing of the countries in the economic and social transformation and development period and the major policy adjustments in Chongqing,applied PRA(Participatory Rural Appraisal)in the Field Research at the same time,we also visited every farmer,with these steps we produced a“farmer-residential”database integrating the spatial attributes and social and economic attributes of farmer household plots at four time points since 1997 in Hutou Village.Through deep analysis of the spatial-temporal evolution process and characteristics of rural settlements of Hutou Village in the past 20 years,we explored the general rule of land evolution in village residential area.By summarizing the evolution process and characteristics of the residential areas at both the village and the farmer households,we revealed the dominant driving factors of the evolution of residential areas in different periods,we also constructed the internal driving mechanisms at the village and farmer level and proposed corresponding policy recommendations.The conclusions are as follows:(1)Analysis of the characteristics of rural residential land in southwest hilly areas shows that:from 1997 to 2016,the scale of rural residential land use in Hutou Village has increased by5.8830hm~2,with an average annual growth rate of 1.63%.The scale and speed of expansion shows a trend of continuous growth over time.The two dimensional spatial morphology of rural residential areas tends to be irregular.The spatial structure is developed from relatively dispersed to relatively concentrated.With the expansion of the area of village residential area,the dominance of patch landscapes in rural areas of Hutou Village has continued to decline,while the diversity index and evenness index have increased,and it shows that the landscape heterogeneity of rural residential areas is further manifested in time scale.(2)Analysis of the evolution characteristics of different types of peasant households shows that:farmers in Hutou Village are divided into traditional farmers,specialized planting and breeding households,local management and service farmers,semi-farming and semi-agricultural farmers,and non-agricultural farmers.The proportion of semi-working and semi-farming farmers is the largest,while the proportion of professional and farmed farmers is the smallest.The average land area of traditional rural households is small,the proportion of houses idle is the lowest,the proportion of houses living in soil structure is larger and is mainly one-story,the housing function is larger,the form of houses is relatively loose and extensive;Specially cultivated and farmed households have the largest area of land,the most complex spatial form of plaque in residential areas,the main structure of houses is brick mixed with two layers,and the demand of land for residential production function is large.Local management and service farmers have a large area of land per household,a low proportion of houses that are idle,and a square square with a two-story brick and two-story structure is the most common form of residential land.The average land area of the semi-working and semi-agricultural farmers is the middle level among the same kind of farmers,and the spatial shape of the residential land plaque tends to square.Non-farm households have the smallest land area,the highest proportion of abandoned houses,the more complex spatial shape of the patch of residential land,the more distributed number of one-story wooden structure,the larger residential function,the looser and more extensive housing form;In terms of location choice,most rural rural settlements are located in the range of 2-150m from the highway.(3)The results of the evolutive analysis of rural residential land in southwest hilly areas show that:slope factor and elevation factor are the main positive driving force driving new rural residential area growth in natural geographical conditions,which means that the areas with lower gradients and elevations generally exist,and more residential areas are distributed.Slope direction factor and local customs may have influence on the selection process of rural settlements.In socioeconomic factors,The increase of total population and labor force have complex influence on the new rural residential area on the time scale.The household quantity factor and the growth factor of per capita income are the main positive driving factor that affects the area of new rural residential area.The negative influence of traffic location factor on the new residential area in hutou village is significant during 1997-2013,new settlements tend to be distributed around roads.From the perspective of the farmer,improving the living conditions and expanding housing area have become the common demand since the peasant household income level increased,and it leads that new residential areas are generally large and increasing year by year.The new built structure and its number of floors of different types of farmers in Hutou village presents the trend of assimilation and three-dimensional evolution.The utilization level of the new built residential area changes from extensive to intensive mode.Except for professional planting and breeding households,the proportion of the residential function of the other four types of rural households is increasing year by year in the last 20 years.The production function of residential areas varies with different types of farmers'livelihood.(4)According to the evolution characteristics of rural residential areas in Hutou Village and its driving mechanism,we put forward policy suggestions to strengthen the control of rural residential areas in the villages in the hilly mountainous area of southwest of China from the perspective of coordinating the development plan of the village,guiding the rational utilization of land in the village,strengthening the utilization of land security to boost rural revitalization strategy;Emphasizing the rural-household differentiation and deepening rural homestead system innovation.