The Establishment And Reform Of Jiangsu Secondary Normal Education System (1912-1937)

Chinese normal education came into being in the late Qing Dynasty.In 1904,the Qing government enacted the "Guimao school system”and announced the establishment of junior normal schools and superior teacher schools.Normal education officially became an independent education category.Influenced by the"Guimao school system",in the late Qing Dynasty,Jiangsu established the Tongzhou Normal School,Jiangsu Normal School,Longmen Normal School,Xuzhou Junior Normal School,and Liangjiang Normal School.It laid the foundation for the development of Jiangsu secondary normal education in the Republic of China.After the Revolution of 1911,the Nanjing Provisional Government eliminated the feudal education,promoted the democratic republic,and implemented the Renzi Guichou System.In addition,the Jiangsu Provincial Education Association supported the Jiangsu secondary normal education.Based on which,in the early Republic of China,Jiangsu province formed a secondary normal education system with provincial normal schools as the core,county and private normal schools and institute for training as the supplement.After more than ten years of development in the early years of the Republic of China,it has become increasingly difficult to meet the needs of society.Under the influence of factors such as the New Culture Movement,the pragmatic education trend,the Guimao school system,and the university district system,Jiangsu Province's secondary normal schools have undergone large-scale reforms.The reform merged the secondary normal schools into secondary schools and cancelled the free policy for normal students.These measures have caused a serious decline in secondary normal education in Jiangsu."The merger of the middle school" has caused dissatisfaction from all walks of life.In order to promote the development of normal education,the central government requires that secondary normal schools must be set up independently.Under the guidance of this idea,Zhou Fohai,director of the Education Department of Jiangsu Province,has carried out drastic reforms of secondary normal education and set up secondary normal schools.With the independence of secondary normal schools and the introduction of the Jiangsu Provincial Government's support for education development policies,Jiangsu's secondary normal education has ushered in a golden period of development.Throughout the development process of Jiangsu secondary normal education in the Republic of China,it can be found that it clearly shows the three characteristics of the constant improvement of standardization,the strengthening of state control and the combination of foreign and local exploration.