Macaapgal Administration’s Exploration Of The Philippines’ Multilateral Autonomous Diplomacy

After colonial ruled by Spanish,the Philippines entered the colonial rule period of the United States,and finally won its independence in 1946.The independence was the Filipinos had hoped for a long time,but it was not the true independence,the United States still controlled the Philippines in different aspects.After gaining national independence,the Philippine began to explore a path of independence,especially in the diplomatic field.This paper consists of four parts: preface,text,conclusion and bibliography.The preface mainly explains the reasons why the topic was selected,academic history review,the research question,methods and the basis of this paper.The first chapter analyzes the sprout of the Philippines’ autonomous diplomacy.Philippine was a colony of the United States and it suffered heavy losses in world war II under the colonization of Japan before its independence,so it can only rely on the United States after its independence.The United States carried out new colonialism in the Philippine,so the diplomacy of the Philippine was dominated by the United States at the beginning of independence.We can learn that the Philippines was trying to gradually break away from the rule of the United States and carry out independent diplomacy from the analysis of previous administration’s diplomacy in the Philippines,which is a gradual process.From the discussion on the issue of compensation for war and the treaty on mutual defense between the Philippine and the United States,it can be seen that the Philippine has handled foreign affairs independently and made representations with the United States on the basis of safeguarding its own interests.Garcia proposed the "Filipinos first" policy,although it is in the economic field,but it can also reflect the awakening of the sense of autonomy at this time.The second chapter analyzes the background of the implementation of multilateral autonomous diplomacy by Macapagal government.With the rise of nationalism and the accumulation of economic,political and military conflicts between the Philippines and the United States after independence,the anti-American sentiment of the Philippine people had reached a climax.At this time,the implementation of autonomous diplomacy is in line with public opinion and beneficial to the stability of the domestic political situation.The outbreak of Vietnam war provided an external opportunity for the Philippines to carry out multilateral autonomous diplomacy.Under the joint promotion of internal and external factors,the Macapagal government began to explore the multilateral autonomous diplomacy of the Philippines.The third chapter mainly discusses the performance of the Macapagal government’s multilateral autonomous diplomacy.During this period,the Philippines’ multilateral autonomous diplomacy was mainly reflected in the negotiation of sending troops to Vietnam,the claim of sabah’s sovereignty,and its active participation in the mafi-indo plan.The information from the United States and the Philippines,as well as a third country,help us to demonstrate the Philippines’ exploration of multilateral autonomous diplomacy through the negotiation process on these issues as vividly as possible.The fourth chapter analyzes the characteristics and influence of Philippine diplomacy during the period of Macapagal administration.There are three characteristics of this period: First,limited autonomy;Second,from unilateral to multilateral autonomous development;Third,from national autonomous to regional autonomous.The diplomatic influence of the Philippines in this period played a connecting role in the history of the Philippines.The independent diplomacy in this period not only changed and expanded the diplomacy of previous governments,but also laid a solid foundation for the formal implementation of independent diplomacy in Marcos period and later.The conclusion part summarizes the whole paper,extracts the viewpoints of the paper,points out the shortcomings of the paper,and rethinks the historical data and theoretical issues of the follow-up research.Macapagal government’s attempt and exploration of the Philippines’ multilateral autonomous diplomacy interpreted the "tail wagging dog" theory well,which reveals how small countries used their surrounding environment to fight for the interests to big countries under the background of the cold war,or to influence the decision-making of big countries.With the end of world war Ⅱand the rise and the development of nationalism,every independent country has its own consciousness,so we should not look at small power that put it in the subsidiary position,and should try to jump out of the thinking circle focused more on the decisions and actions big power to small power("the dog wagged his tail")to analyze the limitations between big power to small power.We should put the small power into an equal status with big countries or look at small power as an individual to explore further.Although it is difficult to obtain the archival data of some countries,we can still use the archival data of big countries to explore the decision-making motivation and other related events of small countries in the process of the interaction between big countries and small countries.Because of the difficulty in obtaining archives of small countries,some newspaper materials and some folk historical materials of small countries are becoming more and more precious.Under the existing conditions,the mutual verification of archives of big countries,historical materials of newspapers of small countries and historical materials of third countries can restore the truth of history of small countries further,so more scholars need to pay attention to the development of history of small countries.