Analysis On The Expansion Of The Shanghai Cooperation From The Perspective Of Regional Public Goods

In the late 1990s,with the collapse of the original bipolar pattern of the international order,the geopolitical and economic pattern of the Central Asian region was reshaped.The global activity of regional cooperation has prompted regional international organizations to play an increasingly prominent role in promoting transnational cooperation.Influenced by the regional situation,the heads of state of China,Russia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,and Tajikistan gathered in Shanghai to jointly sign a joint announcement based on a consensus on resolving border security issues after the Cold War,creating the "Shanghai Five" meeting mechanism,On the basis of this mechanism,on June 15,2001,the "Shanghai Five" mechanism was officially upgraded to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO).This year is the 22nd year of the development of the SCO.After several expansions,its membership has now expanded to 9 countries,and its coverage has also continuously extended from the Central Asian region to various directions such as West Asia,South Asia,and East Asia.Therefore,this article will,based on the perspective of regional public goods,sort out the supply mechanism,content,and cost sharing status of SCO public goods in the context of expansion,and conduct a utility analysis of the relationship between"supply" and "demand" of SCO public goods.At the same time,it will incorporate internal and external impact factors into the analysis framework of SCO public goods to explore the development of SCO public goods in the context of expansion.First of all,we will explore the current supply model of SCO public goods under the expansion of its membership,and sort it out in terms of supply mechanism,supply content,and cost allocation.Through collation and observation,the supply model of public goods of the SCO is more in line with the limited leading country supply model similar to the EU.China and Russia play a decisive leading role in the establishment,development,and expansion of the entire SCO.Starting from the rudiment of the SCO-the five-party bilateral dialogue mechanism,the supply of public goods in the SCO cannot be separated from the bilateral framework between China and Russia.In terms of supply content,SCO has produced many "intermediate public goods" in the fields of security,economy,politics,humanities,health,etc.,including legal mechanisms,joint actions,economic corridors,etc.The SCO has successfully produced the "ultimate public product" in the field of security-regional stability,creating a favorable environment for the development of actors within and outside the region,and has been recognized by all member countries in the region.In terms of cost sharing,although the current SCO cost sharing mechanism has undergone several rounds of updates and revisions due to several rounds of expansion,the latest documents and data reveal that China and Russia still bear the most contributions within the framework of the SCO,accounting for 48%of all SCO contributions and sharing 24%each.It can be said that the sharing ratio of SCO membership fees is also basically in line with the supply mechanism of SCO public goods,namely,the supply mechanism led by China and Russia.After sorting out the supply mode of public goods of SCO in the context of expansion,Chapter 3 will evaluate and analyze the current "supply","demand",and "supply demand relationship" of SCO in the context of expansion.The SCO member countries have many common interests in the "needs" of public goods,and they are also aware of the important strategic significance of the Central Asian region.In terms of "supply",it is more complex and mainly presents the following three characteristics:first,it is basically dominated by China and Russia;Second,the supply of SCO public goods is still mainly limited in the security sector.Third,public goods in the economic field are usually linked with the construction of other regions such as the the Belt and Road.In terms of the "supply relationship",China and Russia must be clear:China and Russia are still developing economies,and can only supply public goods within the framework of their own capabilities based on their willingness.At the same time,they can avoid falling into the supply model of hegemonic countries through more flexible cost sharing mechanisms and more cautious treatment of expansion issues.In Chapter 4,by analyzing the intraregional factors faced by SCO in the supply of public goods in the context of expansion,we can understand whether the operation of public goods can be promoted in an orderly manner.From both internal and external dimensions,it can be analyzed from three perspectives:hard power,flexible mechanism,and soft power.Through analysis,it can be understood that there are still many internal and external unstable factors in the operation of SCO’s public goods under the new situation.But at the same time,it is not necessary to be too pessimistic about the development of SCO’s public goods under the expansion of its membership.Since 2018,China has adhered to the diplomatic policy of independence,mutual respect,and mutual benefit.Through establishing cooperation with neighboring countries,and strengthening exchanges in various fields such as security,politics,and economy,the SCO has become an important window for China’s foreign exchanges and outward display of its image.In the face of the current world where unilateralism and trade protectionism are constantly emerging,the Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO),in the context of expanding its membership,still resolutely defends multilateralism,practices the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind,and continues to provide more referential,practical,and feasible experiences and paths for regional and integrated cooperation worldwide.