Research On Special Physical Characteristics Of Chinese Elite Short Track Speed Skaters

Objective:This paper aims to explore the special physical characteristics of short-track speed skaters by testing the physical form,physiological function and sports quality of outstanding short-track speed skaters in China,and provide theoretical support and reference basis for the special physical training of short-track speed skating in China.Methods:Relevant literature was collected,representative special physical fitness indicators were screened,and the connotation and extension of physical fitness and special physical fitness were theoretically demonstrated.33 athletes（18 men and 15women）of the national short track speed skating training team were selected for testing at the National Ice and Snow Sports Training And Research Base of Beijing Sport University.Bioelectrical impedance measurement of athlete body composition using eight-point contact electrode method;maximum strength test by maximum static force using force test bench;Jump index measured by Force Decks double-sided force measuring platform system;VO2max and ventilation anaerobic threshold test using treadmill increasing load;three-stage anaerobic work test and 30s anaerobic power test using Monark839E;ISOMED2000 isquitic muscle force tester for athletes 60°/s and180°/s Knee strength test for angular velocity in seconds.Results:（1）There were significant differences in height,weight,body fat percentage and lean weight between male and female short-track speed skaters（p<0.01）,and there were significant differences in waist circumference and hip circumference（p<0.05）,but there was no significant difference in left and right thigh circumference and lower limb length/height of male and female athletes（p>0.05）.Hip circumference was significantly correlated with 30s anaerobic work（r=0.532,p<0.01）.There was a strong correlation between the morphological indicators,and the correlation coefficients between hip circumference and left thigh circumference and right thigh circumference were r=0.732 and r=0.737,respectively,and p<0.01 had a significant correlation.（2）Reflect the athletic quality indicators of short-track speed skating events:（1）There is a significant difference between male and female athletes in the hard pull maximum strength test results（p<0.01）,but the difference is smaller under the test data of 5%body fat body weight（p<0.05）,and there is no significant difference in the maximum strength of squats of outstanding short-track speed skating male athletes in China and South Korea（p>0.05）.However,there was a significant difference in the squat strength of Chinese and Korean female athletes（t=-2.532,p=0.017）,and the lower limb extension and hip extension strength of Chinese female athletes were on average 13%higher than that of Korean athletes.If Chinese female athletes remove 5%of their body fat weight,there will be a significant difference in squat strength from Korean female athletes（t=-6.207,p<0.01）.（2）There was a significant difference in the jumping performance of male and female athletes（p<0.01）,and the lower limb jumping ability of male athletes was significantly higher than that of female athletes,and the difference rate of jumping strength was between 14.0%and 26.8%.If the body fat and body weight of athletes are reduced by 5%,10%and 15%,the jumping ability of short-track speed skaters will be increased by 2.1-10.3cm.（3）The relative peak torque of the knee joint of excellent short-track speed skaters around 60°/s is 1.54 to 3.17N*m/kg,while the female athletes are 3.79%to 12.99%lower than the male;the right knee flexion and extension ratio of female athletes is less than 50%,and the difference rate is 6.2%;the balance difference between male and female athletes is 10.3%to 15.3%;and there is a significant difference between right knee extension and left knee extension and female athletes at 180°/s constant speed test（p<0.05 or p<0.01）.（3）Reflect the endurance index of short-track speed skating events:（1）The average anaerobic threshold of male athletes was 42.15 ml/kg/min,and the anaerobic threshold of female athletes was 37.74ml/kg/min,with significant differences（p<0.01）,the variance rate was 10.5%.The anaerobic threshold speed of excellent long-distance runners can reach 21.0km/h,and there is a significant difference between the anaerobic threshold speed of male and female athletes and long-distance runners,with a difference rate of 33.8%and 38.5%.The difference between the maximum VO₂level of male and female athletes and foreign outstanding athletes is between 1.8%and 12.1%.（2）There was a significant difference in the average power of male and female athletes（p<0.01）,but there was no significant difference in the power decline rate of male and female athletes（p>0.05）.（4）Correlation between special physical fitness indicators:The relationship between each physical fitness index and the average power of 30s was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis,and the athlete’s hip circumference and 30s anaerobic work had a significant correlation relationship（r=0.532,p<0.01）;the sports quality indicators such as standing long jump,left jump,and squat were all significantly related to 30s anaerobic work（r=0.872,r=0.865,r=0.880,p<0.01）.There is also a significant correlation between the flexion and extension moment of constant muscle force of 60degrees/s and the 30s anaerobic work（p<0.01）.Research conclusions:（1）Body fat rate is also one of the important indicators affecting the special performance of short track speed skaters;（2）Based on the explosive strength of the lower limbs of the special force,the strength endurance,and the fast strength of the ice pedaling,the maximum ice pedaling and the rapid strength of the lower limbs are the key indicators of the special sports performance of short-track speed skaters;（3）the extensor strength of short-track speed skaters is stronger than that of the flexor muscles,and the imbalance of the front and rear muscle groups will affect the special sports ability to a certain extent.（4）China’s outstanding short-track speed skaters have higher anaerobic ability at low intensity and decline significantly under high resistance.The difference between 30 seconds of anaerobic work and maximum anaerobic work is not large,but the decline rate of athletes is too fast.（5）The maximum oxygen uptake level of China’s outstanding short track speed skaters is small compared with that of outstanding foreign skaters.