Innovations Driving National EconomicDevelopment And Small Enterprises

One of the major factors of economic growth for the countries with different economic structure through is innovations. The economic development strongly depends on how fast innovations turn into real products, services and how fast they can get to the clients. Another factor is small scale enterprises, admitted as a very important economic entity, which has a number of specific features. A lot of innovation products are coming out from the small scale enterprises and startups, which also contribute a very significant share into GDP. So the paper studies such key elements of the economic development as innovations, science and technology parks and small scale enterprises.The important role in the matter of developing innovations into the practical usage during the last decades has been played by science and technology parks, which is the lever that can provide the growth of the innovation activity of the sectors, regions, economies. And the “guide” for the growth can be small scale enterprises, functioning inside the science and technology parks(S&T parks or STP).Except for the help of S&T parks, innovations can also develop through the modernization or habitual renovation of the technologies, procedures, product lines of the operating enterprises. This paper analyses the following considerations about the way of using innovations in the enterprises:1. Developing, launching, adoption of innovational products by legal and natural persons within special infrastructures, made by government(like S&T parks).2. Using and adoption of the finished innovational products and technologies in the operating enterprises.For Russia the development on the basis of innovations is very important, because till recent time the main factor of the economic growth was forced exploitation of the production facilities from the Soviet period(which reached obsolescence and physical depreciation) and intensive mining of the natural resources, that can lead to the situation, when Russia become a source of raw materials for the other countries.The Russian government has been trying to modernize the country’s economy using different approaches, but most of them didn’t have the proper results due to the absence of the necessary institutions. S&T parks have been approved in different countries of the world and also in Russia during the Soviet period, so they can be ranged with the high effective instruments of the development intensification.The problem is that up till now there is no effective mechanism of the support for the functioning of the S&T parks’ system, targeted to the country’s economic growth, represented by the number of corresponding indices. Such mechanism must function on the level of the corresponding economic entity and must be hierarchically integrated into the vertical organizational structure and consist of not only the instruments of the passive support, but also the mechanisms of managing the creation and developing the S&T parks in the most important industries and regions. In order of that there must be created the necessary functional systems, in particular, the S&T parks’ condition and indices monitoring system, modelling system for the S&T parks’ development variants and scenarios, the S&T parks’ human resources system etc. Some elements of these functional components, mainly about small scale enterprises, are analyzed in this paper.The interaction of macro- and micro-objects within a single economic environment consists of different factors, i.e. macro-level builds the conditions and certain rules for the micro-level(enterprises), while the effectiveness of the micro-level’s operating influences the macro-indices(such as GDP and GRP). As the measurement of macro-level’s influence on the micro-level’s entities can be the S&T parks’ environment, because the investments into such measurements allow startups not only survive, but also make a remarkable contribution into the macro-indices’ growth.The first chapter of the paper contains the analysis of the researches already made about innovations, dividing the resources into 4 groups: the definition of innovation, innovations on the global level(the theory of national innovation system), on the country level(analysis of the papers about the innovation development of particular countries) and the papers about Russian economy and its innovation system. The following materials can be divided into two parts of analysis:1. The first part(chapters 2 to 5) contains the results of the analysis of the regularities and characteristics of such an essential attribute of the economic growth as factor of innovation driving and its influence on the formation the processes of organizing of the different structures, which provide technological and that means also economic development on the macro- and mesolevel. On the example of the Russian economy there have been made some calculations to estimate the amount of such contribution of small enterprises to the Russia’s GDP and the amount of it in the case if all the small enterprises will survive in the environment of the S&T parks.2. The second part(chapters 6 and 7) presents the opportunities of using innovations on the level of microstructures(mainly – small scale enterprises), which no matter of the current macro-environment condition have to take care of their survival and development constantly. On this level it’s important to be good in making effective managing decisions in the changing circumstances.The last chapter presents the estimation of the perspectives of innovational economic development in Russia.The methodology used in the research, includes the analysis of the existing researches available in the libraries and online resources, the analysis of the statistical data from the official Russian, foreign and international sources, the model-making and the scenario analysis. In this paper there are several models, complex usage of these models allow to make more scientifically grounded and effective managerial decisions.The analytical instruments used in the research are basic software tools(MS Excel, Project Expert, etc.) and economical-mathematical models.This paper undoubtedly does not claim to be exhaustive for the fields mentioned in the title. Each one of them is extensive, deep, changeable, has vague limits and usually it’s hard to say where one field ends and the other one begins. The paper represents only one of the points of view on the economic entities’ development problems, and there has been made an attempt of analysis for the condition, contents and features of the essences of these fields.