| Ming and Qing Dynasty is an important stage for Modern Chinese transition into Contemporary Chinese, because Contemporary Chinese right roots in Chinese of Ming and Qing Dynasty, and Contemporary dialect succeeds to dialect of Ming and Qing Dynasty. So, studying dialect grammar of Ming and Qing Dynasty is valuable to the history of Chinese grammar and Chinese dialect grammar. Jinpingmei Cihua, Xingshi Yinyuan Zhuan and Liaozhai Liqu (short for Jin, Xing and Liao)representing the linguistic features of different periods in Ming and Qing Dynasty, having the continuity of time and the common distinct Shandong dialect background, they can reflect the characteristic of the Shandong dialect of Ming and Qing Dynasty. So, researching the grammar phenomena of Jin, Xing and Liao can help to form the systemic and integrated history of Chinese grammar and seeking the source and evolvement of Modern Shandong dialect, can have the apocalypse on theory of lingual development and evolvement.This paper is dedicated to do an analysis on the special grammar words of Jin, Xing and Liao. Because a great deal of empty word came from substantive through grammaticalization, we name empty word for grammar word. The special grammar words have two kinds: one have dialectal feature and this is primary part of this paper, anther have some important meanings. This paper can not include all of special grammar words, only one part of it. This paper contains four chapters: the chapter of special adverb, the chapter of special preposition, the chapter of special conjunction and the chapter of special grammar marker. The special adverb has fore sorts: the special scope adverb, special time adverb, special degree adverb, special expression adverb. There are 35 words in this chapter. The chapter of special preposition is included in six parts: "gan", "na", "zhao", "gei", "qi" and "le". The chapter of special conjunction has 5 words, including "yihang", "dali", "buju", "renju" and "buzhao". The chapter of special grammar marker is divided into the part of emphatic marker("chi") and the part of comparative marker("si", "ru", "de", "guo" , "qi", "ji"). There is a conclusion after each part, including some theoretic thinking.First of all, this paper gives a plane, quantitative and qualitative description of the special grammar words of Jin, Xing and Liao, chasing down all of instances having the special grammar word. By observing from facets of syntax, semantic feature and expressive function etc, we try to analyze the using thing of special grammar words in these three writings. Then we find out the common grounds and the differences of the special grammar words in Jin, Xing and Liao. To the differences, the paper tries to explain the reasons from the timeliness and the district. At the same time, we survey the using thing of special grammar words in writings except of Jin, Xing and Liao, seeing about the form of it before Ming and Qing Dynasty and making certain evolvement of it after Ming and Qing Dynasty, and solid describing and analyzing these special grammar words. So, we not only explore the history rank order of Jin, Xing and Liao, but also find out the district and special features of grammar words in Shandong dialect of Ming and Qing Dynasty. This paper attaches importance to the communication study with Contemporary Shandong dialect, so as to seek the development trace of Shandong dialect patterns from age-old to today and the succeeding and developing connection of today Shandong dialect to Ming and Qing Dynasty. By all appearances, because many special grammar words have changed on form, pronunciation and usage, extrapolating its origin from form is very difficult. On the basis of description and analysis, by comparing and observing, using theories of cognitive linguistics, functional linguistics, grammaticalization and semantics etc, this paper try to explore and demonstrate in reason to some special grammar words. So the studying for each special word has two parts: usage part and origin part.By description and comparison to the usage of special words being researched, we can conclude the feature of Shandong dialect of Ming and Qing Dynasty. For example, some special grammar words do not synchronize with the development and evolution of common Chinese, while surpassing common Chinese. For instance, degree adverb "ting" has great developed by the end of Qing dynasty' writing "Ernv Xingxiong Zhuan", but Xing and Liao that own Shandong dialect of Ming and Qing dynasty background have appeared the instance of "ting". This displays advancement in times. On other hand, some special grammar words of Ming and Qing Dynasty indicate lagging the common Chinese. For example, the comparative pattern using the comparative marker "si", "ru" has disaggregated little by little in common Chinese of Ming and Qing Dynasty, but it develops steady in Shandong dialect of Ming and Qing Dynasty. In special grammar words, some is only in Shandong dialect or Shandong dialect of Ming and Qing Dynasty, such as adverb "tongshen", "tongchang", "xiang", "daizhong" and so on; while some not only be in Shandong dialect but also be in other dialects especially north dialect, such as degree adverb "jing". So special grammar words of Ming and Qing Dynasty can be divided into two parts: being in Shandong dialect peculiarly and being in not only Shandong dialect but also other dialects.From features of special grammar words of Shandong dialect in Ming and Qing Dynasty and Contemporary Shandong dialect that attaining by comparing with Jin, Xing and Liao, we can know the succeeding and developing connection of today Shandong dialect to Ming and Qing Dynasty. Some Contemporary Shandong dialect grammar words succeed the usages of Ming and Qing Dynasty, while some have changed on succeeding, such as enlargement or reduction of the usages scope, changing of the usages district. From the changing of word class, we can see there are great consistency on degree adverb, preposition, conjunction and comparative marker of Contemporary and Ming and Qing Dynasty Shandong dialect, while scope adverb and expression adverb have great changed from Ming and Qing Dynasty to today.Through analyzing the usage and pronunciation of special grammar words, this paper has explored the origin of some special grammar words. For instance, from analyzing the usage and pronunciation of expression verb "youzan" in the writings with Shandong dialect of Ming and Qing Dynasty background, we can deduce "youzan" is formed by "you" and "za", while "za" is changed from "zenme" on pronunciation. Supposition conjunction "dali" is the changing form on pronunciation of "danzhi" with having same usage and "dali". This paper concludes the forming factors of special grammar words with district. Some come from ancient Chinese, and only be in dialect while do not use in common Chinese, such as degree adverb "jing". Some is formed by the words of common Chinese changing on pronunciation or grammar usage, such as "dali" being formed by "danzhi" in dialect, adverb "hunshen", "tongshen" coming from the corresponding noun form. Some is new words created according to grammar rule in dialect, such as adverb "daizhong" bing integrated by "dai" and "zhong".Being the dialect feature of special grammar words this paper studying, we can judge the district of Jin, Xing and Liao's language background. Xing and Liao have many same grammar words of dialect, so the district of Xing and Liao should be very near. The dialect of Liao is "Zichuan" dialect, so the district of Xing is near to "Zichuan". By comparing with the Jin, Xing and Liao and the writings of same period, we can make sure Jin is a writing with common Chinese mostly but having Shandong dialect background, at same time with some members of other dialect.We can gained the theory and method apocalypse on studying language and language developing and evolving, by researching writings having special grammar of Shandong dialect of Ming and Qing background. If we study dialect grammar of one ancient synchronic plane, firstly, we should be do carefully and whole depicting of it, then comparing on history on the basis of description, then finding out the common grounds and the differences between this period dialect and near period Chinese (for instance Shandong dialect of Ming and Qing Dynasty and Shandong dialect of Contemporary), at last concluding the features of it. On linguistic theory, we can know the grammaticalization is the importance theory and method on studying development and evolvement of the grammar word. The grammaticalization of the special grammar word of Shandong dialect in Ming and Qing Dynasty represents two sorts of substantive grammaticalizeing to empty word: one is grammar word can be grammaticalized directly from substantive, such as "tongshen", "hunshen", "liushui", "ting", "xiang", "ganjing", "shuangli", "na", "gei" evolving from corresponding substantive on the semantic basis and syntax condition; one is directly integrated by empty word and do not pass the form of substantive, such as the "gangzhi", "youzan", "dali" etc. The development and evolvement of the special grammar words of Shandong dialect in Ming and Qing Dynasty represent the grammaticalization' rule, such as the rule of simultaneity, the rule of manifoldly changing, the rule of retaining, the rule of gradually changing, the rule of uniderectionally changing, etc. In addition, the theories of linguistic subjectivity and subjectivisation are very important on the course of special grammar changing. |
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