Young Marx On Enlightenment Abandon

This paper intends to study the occurrence of Marxist philosophy from the perspective of Marx's critique and transcendence of the Enlightenment tradition. Therefore, this paper not only combed with the Enlightenment context, studied the development and transformation of Young Marx's thought carefully, but also studied the major Marxist ideological resources, such as rational metaphysics, enlightenment political economy, utopian socialism, and modern critical movement and Feuerbach philosophy under the context of the Enlightenment. Thus, on the one hand, this paper provides an ideological context that occurred for the research and study of Marxist philosophy, on the other hand, this paper also discusses "how did historical materialism outs of and develops from the Enlightenment's context" as a main topic, so this paper's understanding and comprehension of Marxist philosophy was under the intellectual history of modern and contemporary context. On this basis, the paper expounds the connections and differences between the theory of Marx and the Enlightenment( includes its follow-up forms, such as the German classical philosophy, the young Hegelians, the Enlightenment political economy and utopian socialism), focusing on Marx's criticism and transcendence of the Enlightenment and its follow-up forms by the political criticism, the critique of national metaphysics, the Critique of Enlightenment political economy and the critique of French utopian. This paper not only reveals the links between these critiques, reveals theirs meaning and value for the birth of historical materialism, but also explains the principles of distinction between Marxist philosophy and its resources, shows the tracks of young Marx distinguished from these resources and made the birth of historical materialism.In this paper, Young Marx's basic works are the basic documents; the development and transformation of Marx's thought is the basic clue; the unity of text interpretation and the interpretation of the history of ideas, the integration of intellectual history and the background of reality is the basic research methods. The key points are as follows:The main task of chapter 1 is to provide a background for the research of Marx's thoughts by thinking of the Enlightenment tradition. The Enlightenment is continuing the theme of the modern world which is to highlight "subjectivity". The basis and the core of the Enlightenment is the principle of rational and freedom; the basic spirit of it is to confirm humanism by naturalism; and the ideals of human society is rational state and rational society which consistent with the full development of human nature. Enlightenment led directly to the outbreak of the French Revolution, but also provided a basic ideological context for German classical philosophy, political economy, utopian socialism and the young Marx's theory to explore.Chapter 2 is to study the ideological nature and characteristics of young Marx in and before the stage of "Rheinische Zeitung" by integrating the background and Marx's basic works. It is crucial for thinking of Marx's ideas subsequent developments and transformations. So firstly, it reveals Marx's insistence and maintenance for the Enlightenment principles and ideas of Enlightenment. Secondly, it reveals the doubts of Enlightenment by the difficulty of the material benefit and its effects for Marx" ideas developments.Chapter 3 reveals Marx's critic and reflection on the Enlightenment by the critic of Hegel's Philosophy, where Marx criticized the Modern Emancipation, modern state and modern society completely and put forward a new principled position of beyond capitalism, that is to transcend "the contemporary reality ". This indicates that Marx surpassed the Enlightenment from the position and visual field. It also reveals the initial foundation of historical materialism.Chapter 4,5,6 examines Marx's Critique and transcendence of metaphysics of reason, enlightenment political economy, materialism and utopian socialism in France. This is the all-round criticism of Marx's criticism of modern world following the new principled position of transcend "contemporary reality". With the critique of rational metaphysics, Marx reveals the ideological dimensions of modern society, proposes the sensibility and objectivity activities to replace the self-consciousness and the abstract principles of reason, exposes the philosophical basis of the age of Enlightenment, and thus achieves a new revolutionary transformation in the history of philosophy. The critique of "Enlightenment political economy "reveals the nature of modern society by the critique of Smith's political economy. Here, Marx launched a history of social criticism and practical criticism for modern society, and saw the nature of modern capitalist society and its inevitable tendency. The critique of French materialism and utopian socialist reveals the inevitable trend of modern society in the level of value, where Marx proposed "practical humanitarianism" to transcend the modern world and beyond the abstract humanitarian and the abstract naturalism of Enlightenment. In this way, Marx accomplished the critique and transcendence of modern world from political, ideological, social and value level. Marx's ideas gradually left and break out from the Enlightenment tradition.The last chapter talks about the connection between Marx's philosophy research and historical materialism, historical materialism is the fatal results of Marx's breaking out from the Enlightenment. It not only reveals the independence and continuity of young Marx's thoughts, rejects Althusser's saying of "epistemological break", but also analysis the connotation of materialism and its basic aspects of Marx's critic and transcend of the Enlightenment.It reveals that mature Marx is in fact continue to expand on the critique of the Enlightenment in a special way.The achievements of this dissertation are as follows:it makes a special investigation between young Marx and the Enlightenment, explores the unique of Marx's ideas and its development, and communicates the young Marx and the mature Marx's theory correlation; This paper also reveals historical materialism as the basic form of Marxist philosophy, has transcended the Enlightenment and its follow-up forms, and has truly become one kind of contemporary philosophy which is different from the Enlightenment philosophy essentially. So it not only opens the possibility of critical dialogues between Marxist philosophy and the contemporary Western Philosophy at a genuine high position, but also shows that Marxist philosophy still has a broad and important critical and indicative for our modern world. Marx is still our contemporaries, so it is not only necessary, but also possible, to return and strengthen the study of Marx's philosophy.