From Gymnastics To P.E

The Textbook of P. E. is an important part of the P. E. Course, it directly reflect the content of the course, and also the learning manner set by P. E. Curriculum Design. Moreover, the quality of the Curriculum Design would influent the whole quality of P. E. Course, then eventually influent the teaching quality for Physical Education. In this case, the research forP. E. Textbook is worthy for our best attention. From the punishment of "the School Charter Proved by Emperor" in 1904 by the Qing dynasty—the true beginning for Chinese Educational System, to the establishment of New China, during the nearly forty years historical time, P. E. Textbook developed from scratch:from the "gymnastics" textbook period featured by military-style gymnastics to the "physical training" textbook period featured by modern sports. In the process of the development for P. E. Textbook of primary and secondary school, each textbook of that period has its own feature, so this research would answer the following questions:What are those features in each period for the P. E. Textbook of primary and secondary school? What is the meaning of those textbooks? Do those textbook give some enlightenments for today's textbook design?My research has taken the vertical analysis method and the horizontal comparison method, and taken the way that accosiated systematic analysis with focus and depth research. The structural framework of the research is arranged by time and questions. On the basis of having thorough original data, this research try to analyse the content and the design features of P. E. Textbook for the period from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, and think back its experience and lesson, then propose the enlightenment for the P. E. Textbook Design for primary and secondary school for today.The first chapter, introduce the reason and the meaning of the research, define some key words, state the review of literature and method.The second chapter, analyse the P. E. Textbook of primary and secondary school in Qing Dynasty, including two periods:the sprout of the P. E. Textbook (1840—1902) and the rise of military-style gymnastics----the P. E. Textbook of primary and secondary school for late Qing Dynasty (1902-1911)"Sick man of Asia" is a shame for Chinese, for erase this title, new education pattern started. To achieve the purpose of "Strengthening the country and species", gymnastics was introduced from the west, which open the prelude of our national sports book. Army nation is the core educational thought in late Qing Dynasty, and the content of the textbook is featured by gym and games, which emphasized military-style gymnastics. The traditional sports of China is losed in P. E test books. And most of those textbook were directly translated. Textbook of students and textbook of teachers both existed. Those books are the early mode for textbook design, and the early examination and approval system for textbook has started. The P. E. Textbook of primary and secondary school for late Qing Dynasty enrich and complete our textbook system, filled the blank of our P. E. Textbook. Its features in teaching and content factor and its character of design style effectively provides an example of writing sports books. Its early awareness of copyright and advanced design of textbook set a good role model for the design and publication for sports books in early period. "Private School Gymnastics Textbooks" is the earliest textbook for students, "Professor Elementary School gymnastics book" is the earliest national textbook for China.The third chapter, discussed the development of the P. E. Textbook of primary and secondary school in the period of Republic of China (1911-1949). We divide it into three period: steady develop period for the P.E. Textbook of primary and secondary school (1911—1923), prosperous period for the P. E. Textbook of primary and secondary school (1923—1937) and the stand period for the P. E. Textbook of primary and secondary school (1937—1949)The early Republic of China is the steady develop period for the P. E. Textbook of primary and secondary school. Xinhai Revolution (led to end of Qing dynasty) overthrow two thousands years of feudal domination, and established new education institution. Cai yuanpei's proposal "Five education simultaneously" leads gymnastics enter a new period, military-style gymnastics has reached its peak and slowly declined till to disappear, during which modern sports gradually raised. The content of military-style gymnastics presented in the P. E. Textbook of primary and secondary school in early Republic of China shows a feature that early time more and late less, in the later modern sports start to enter the design of textbooks. Compared with late Qing Dynasty textbooks, the textbooks of early Republic of China turns to self-base design, and single-item sport book appeared, Wushu officially launched into P. E. Textbook. The best representative for this period is the "Republic of textbooks Gymnastics" series compiled by Xu Fulin, it's the most complete self-based sports book.1923 to 1937 is the prosperous period for P. E. Textbook. The publication of the new educational system is a landmark of the development of our P. E. Textbook. "Gymnastic Section" turned to "Physical Education", this change is not only a change on name or idea, but a comprehensive change of P. E. Content, teaching aim, teaching method and teaching time. From then on, modern sports from west goes into P. E. Textbook, became main content of our P. E. Textbook. During this period, modern sports becomes the main part of sports books, and military training started in secondary school. Various patterns of the design of textbook developed at that period, and each has its own system. Textbooks loyally reflected P. E. Curriculum Standards and P. E. Curriculum Objective. Also, tips for teaching method started be emphasized; examine and approval system for textbook gradually completed. The best representative of P. E. Textbook of primary and secondary school for this period is the "The New Academic Physical Education Materials" compiled by Mccloy, and "Sports Teaching Item" series compiled by Ministry of Education. The former a connecting link between the preceding and the following, the latter is the first P. E. Textbook of primary and secondary school that has been carried on in the whole nation.1037 to 1949 is the stand period of P. E. Textbook of primary and secondary school. In War of Resistance against Japan, "Sports militarization" and "military sportirization" became main stream of Education Policy in wartime, and has gone into force under the govern of KMT. Although it fitted the need of particular timing, but from the angle of P. E. Nature, it deviate from modern sports objective. The P. E. Textbook of primary and secondary school for this period is mainly focus on primary materials. And there are more single-item books, most written by personal experience and knowledge. The examine and approval system is very strict and detailed. The best representative of P. E. Textbook of primary and secondary school for this period is a special version "Wartime Sports supplementary material" particularly designed for wartime.The fourth chapter, elaborate on the meaning and enlightenment of P. E. Textbook of primary and secondary school for the period from late Qing Dynasty to Republic of China. What is the meaning for the history of P. E. Textbook of primary and secondary school? Why the history is valuable for today? Through this research, we found out:from late Qing Dynasty to Republic of China, P. E. Textbook of primary and secondary school appeared as media of spreading sports knowledge, and training a qualified talent for the society; also, it spread sports books and teaching knowledge, enriched the content modern sports teaching methods; P. E. Textbook became a main media to introduce modern time sports from the west; and the developing design model provide an example for. the modern P. E. Textbooks; at last, the history of P. E. Textbook reflect the process of thought change of Chinese School Physical Education in modern time. This research advice us: give the utmost attention to P. E. Curriculum Standard; emphasize the ontology status of "keeping fit" and "didactic"; comprehensive consider the needs of teachers, students and the society; establish an excellent group for the design and research of P. E. Textbook of primary and secondary school; should set a scientific Evaluation mechanisms to judge P.E. Textbook of primary and secondary school.