| Rural labor's transfer from the traditional agricultural sector to the modern department of blame farming estate, is a inevitable requirement in every country especially the developing country such as China to advance industrialized, Urbanization and modernization, is a fundamental way to solve the problem of agriculture, countryside and Peasantry, is the only way which two dual economic structure transform to a dual economic structure.As the only municipality in the western region, Chongqing is very special city with a big city, big country, large area, big mountain and ethical region, so the contradiction of two dual economic structure is very outstanding. Facing the special mission of becoming the urban and rural comprehensive reform pilot area, it is a important task and worth further study to find out the Chongqing mode which how to promote the transfer of rural labor.For this purpose, this paper choose Chongqing, the urban and rural reform pilot area, as a typical area, Follow the logic thought and technical route "raise questions, construct the theory frame, empirical analysis, solve the problem", development Economics as theoretical basis, structuralism method and neoclassicism method as research paradigm, In a unified framework, to reveal the internal mechanism between the balanced development urban and rural and the transfer of rural labor, to establish the policy framework which fit the Chongqing's special condition, is multiple synergistic, and can promote rural labor's steady transfer.1. Main contentsThis article is divided into8chapters. The first chapter is introduction, introduce the background, theory value and practical significance, Show the research subject of this article. Literature studies at home and abroad were summarized and refined, the article put forward the research logic, research approach and research method, point out the possible innovation and shortage.The second chapter is the study of the core category definition, theoretical foundation and the inner mechanism of the relationship between balancing urban and rural development and the transfer of rural labor. The third chapter systematically study of rural labor transfer's history and characteristics of the fact in Chongqing city The fourth chapter has carried on the theoretical analysis and empirical study based on the Rural labor transfer's economic effect in Chongqing city, from three-dimensional perspective, the area, industry and farmer.The fifth chapter is the empirical research on the influencing factors of rural labor transfer in Chongqing, based on the theory of rural labor transfer model.The sixth chapter produce some long term mechanisms to ensure the sustainable and stable transfer of labor force from rural to urban areas, to ensure the farmers to become urban citizens completely.The seventh chapter construct a multiple cooperation policy system in which the local government is in a position of control and domination, and the system can make the rural labor transfer Sustained and stable.The eighth chapter refined the research conclusion, and prospected the further research direction.2. The basic conclusions(1)there is strong interaction mechanism between balancing development of urban and rural and the transfer of rural labor.Balancing urban and rural development have a strong effect of agglomeration, radiation effect, income effect on the transfer of rural labor, so to promote rural labor transfers to the city;The transfer of rural labor can change industry structure in urban and rural, through the optimized allocation of labor in flow process, labor's human capital investment,"Returned wild goose" economy of labour circumfluence, then to promote the harmonious development of city and country.2. when the agricultural labor productivity rise ceaselessly, the force of rural surplus labor in Chongqing city on the whole showing a rising trend.Article make a reasonable estimate of the number of rural surplus labor in Chongqing city since Chongqing became the municipality directly under the central government, with the methods of Structuralism which based on manufacturing resource configuration optimization model. The estimation results show that the agricultural surplus labor in Chongqing in general is also showing a rising trend as agricultural labor productivity rise ceaselessly. This is the result of central rural macro policy, also the necessity of the industrialization development of Chongqing.(2) With the constant improvement of agricultural productivity, the quantity of the rural surplus labor in Chongqing takes on ascend trend on the whole. With the use of structural approach based on optimization model of resources deployment, the article calculates the quantity of the rual surplus labor in Chongqing. The results indicate that the quantity takes on upward trend on the whole, as the agricultural productivity is steadily going up. This is the result of the rural policies and the industrialization in Chongqing.(3)The rural labor transfer in Chongqing city on the whole shows low efficiency characteristics from the population distribution, regional distribution, industrial distribution; and there exist many problems. The rural labor transfer in Chongqing shows low efficiency characteristics:rural labour transfer's demographic characteristics are not balanced; In the transfer region, it Shows a full range of transfer pattern the eastern region as the main, the western region as the secondary; The industry that they shift to is almost non-agricultural, labor-intensive industries.In the transfer approach, two kinds of market allocation, Spontaneous metastasis and close friends to drive transfer are mainly, and the degree of organization is not high; in the transfer pattern, the coexistence of multiple industry is mainly, and the type's selection have the obvious spatial difference(3)The transfer of rural labor in Chongqing has significant effect on economic growth, agricultural output effect and farmer income effect, So as to provide power support for balancing urban and rural development.With the comprehensive use of statistical analysis method and quantitative analysis method, by use of the structure data such as the production. employment and income since Chongqing became a municipality directly under the central government, that is from1997to2009, the article made quantitative analysis on the macroeconomic effect (disposition effect or region economy growth effect), meso economic effect (agricultural output effect) and microeconomic effect (the income effect), the results show:(a)The transfer of rural labor has a significant and stable effect on the regional economic growth in Chongqing city. In addition, influenced by the factors such as the macro economic environment, policy preferences, development strategy, economic foundation and so on, the effect of rural Labor's reallocation has time difference and industry difference;(b) In the short term, the transfer of rural labor is the Granger reason of agricultural labor productivity, in the long term, the transfer of rural labor have positive effect on the improvement of agricultural productivity, And the improvement of agricultural productivity will also have a positive effect on the transfer of rural labor. This shows that the rural labor's transfer in Chongqing city has a significant output effect;(c) the wage income will become the important part of the income of rural residents, and in a relatively stable growth, this means there will be a significant and persistent income effect on the rural residents of Chongqing City family when rural labor move between the industry. Therefore, when rural surplus labor in the low productivity of industry orderly transfer to the high productivity of blame farming industry it will contribute to dissolve the contradiction of the economy structure which urban and rural isolated proceed in an orderly way and step by step, then the economic and social development in urban and rural as a whole become a reality.(5)To realize utility maximization, the rural labor in Chongqing City transfer to blame farming industry and to cities or towns, and the transfer cost and market demand restrain their behavior.Rural labor is a rational economic person, there are many factors influence their transfer, such as the transfer cost, expected utility, market demand and so on. mainly including transfer income, transfer cost, city employment probability, the transfer income includes monetary effect and non monetary effect, transfer cost includes monetary cost and non-monetary cost.Focuses on the monetary utility and monetary cost, Choose the income gap between urban and rural, rate of Urbanization as explanatory variables, The empirical research shows there is long term equilibrium relationship between them and the transfer ratio, and the relevant variables; short-term deviate can converge to the equilibrium state after a long period of adjustment;Whether long or short, the income gap between urban and rural and the rate of Urbanization promote the rural labor transfer in Chongqing City obviously, there are bidirectional Granger causality between the rate of Urbanization and the transfer, expenditure gap between urban and rural is the important factor which block rural labor transfer in Chongqing city.(6) Under the situation of balancing urban and rural development, to promote the labor force in Chongqing to make a sustainable, stable and effective transfer from rural to urban areas, we must make some long-term mechanisms, including the ones of right, interest, training and safety. Experience from the developed countries such as the UK, U.S. and Japan has shown that, agriculture modernization, industrialization and public policies are very important for the labor force transfer. Chengdu's experience also showed that, in the process of labor force transfer, protection of the rights of farmers, public services, social management integration and agricultural industrialization played an important part in enhancing labor force transfer. Therefore, we need to produce some long term mechanisms from three dimensions of government, market and farmers to achieve a three-dimensional interaction. In which the government is the core of the problem, needing to make institution innovations to ensure the sustainable and stable transfer of labor force from rural to urban areas, to ensure the farmers to become urban citizens completely.(7)As a provider of system, Chongqing city hall should innovate system to build a government-led multiple collaborative policy system in the context of urban and rural overall planning, so to effectively guide the rural labor transfer Continuously and stable.In Chongqing city, the characteristic that urban and rural isolated is Particularly prominent, so system design must focus on the urban and rural development as a whole, through the system innovation to promote and maintain the transfer of rural labor. To reduce the cost of the transfer of rural labor, increase the utility of rural labor transfer, expand the probability of employment of rural labor transfer as policy focal point to build a police system which agricultural industrialization, rural land system, census register system, employment system, education system and the reform of social security system of multiple cooperative, so as to promote the transfer of rural labor, urban and rural development, promote the coordinative development of urban and rural areas.3. The possible innovations(1)By using the theory of development economics theory and analysis model, this article construct a new theoretical framework to explain balancing urban and rural development and rural labor transfer interaction mechanism.Based on interpretation of the core concept, using the theory of development economics theory and analysis model, this article reasonablely explained the internal mechanisms or interactive relationship between balancing urban and rural development and rural labor transfer, so as to provide theoretical guidance for the empirical research and policy design of the transfer of rural labor under the background of planning for urban and rural.(2) This article made a system empirical research on the transfer of rural labor in Chongqing under the background of balancing urban and rural development by using the method of structuralism and neoclassicism.Structuralism methods include two aspects: Estimate the quantity of the surplus rural labor in Chongqing city in recent years by using the methods of Structuralism based on production resources configuration Optimization model;Make a multiple empirical analysis on the macroeconomic effect (disposition effect or region economy growth effect), meso economic effect (agricultural output effect) and microeconomic effect (the income effect) of rural labor transfer in Chongqing City by using statistical analysis method and quantitative analysis method;Make a empirical analysis on the influence factors of rural labor transfer in Chongqing City by using New Classical method and the VAR time series dynamic model, from microcosmic angle of farmers' behavior choice.(3)Put forward a long term mechanisims and a multiple cooperative policy framework in which the government dominate and control based on the perspective of balancing urban and rural development, agree with the special city situation of Chongqing.Studies show it is the result of rational decision-making that the rural labor transfer in industry and regional, the purpose is to realize oneself effectiveness or profit maximization, this transfer is influenced by the transfer cost, expected utility, market demand and other Surface factors.Therefore, to reduce the transfer of rural labor cost, increase rural labor transfer utility. expand the employment rate of rural labor after transfer should be the main focus of future policy in Chongqing city.This philosophy as a guide, we need to produce some long term mechanisms from three dimensions of government, market and farmers to achieve a three-dimensional interaction, including the ones of right, interest, training and safety, to gradually promot the reform of the system of the agricultural industrialization, rural land system, census register system, employment system, education system and social security system, then to construct a multiple cooperation policy framework in which the government dominate and control, so as to realize the sustainable, stable and transfer of rural labor.4. Policy suggestionsThis article put forward the following6suggestions after systematic research:(1)advance agricultural industrialization reform, expand rural labor transfer industrial space;(2) innovate rural land circulation system, eliminate any future worries after rural labor transfered;(3) innovate employment system, widen and dredge the channel rural labor transfer;(4)deepen the reform of census register system, reduce the transfer of rural labor system cost;(5)adjust rural education structure, improve the level of human capital of rural labour transfer;(6)innovate social security system, protect social rights and interests of rural labour transfer.
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