China's Rural Social Security Policy Analysis

As the basic living right of public, social security mechanism plays a major role in leveling out social differences , promoting social equality, and maintaining social stability. At present, more than 160 countries in the world have set up social security systems ,and more than 70 of them have the systems covering the rural population.For a long time , the establishment of our social security policies has been following the trace of urban-rural dual structure, which is on the basis of household registation and takes the urban social security as the core while the rural social security which approximately covers 70% of chinese population is in a marginal status. As far as china which is such a big agricultral country is concerned, the emphasis and the difficulty of the Overall Construction of Comfortable Society just lies in the construction of rural area. While , social security in rural eares not only is one of the important settlement ways to the three agricultral problems ,but also affects a series of magnificant problems such as the new rural construction ,the stability of rural society ,the political stability of our country and the construction of harmonious society. The serious lag of rural social security construction has become the weakest link in the development of our social security , which seriously restricts the development of agriculture and the advance of rural society ,at the same time influences the development of rural economy and social stability. As the social safety net or social stabilizer of rural area , rural social security plays a irreplaceable role in the process of rural harmonious society constructing and promoting the New Socialism Rural Construction. The assertions , which are the exploration of constructing the rural pension system , the roundly accelerating of the Social Medical Insurance in Urban Area and the construction of the New Rural Cooperative Medical System ,determines the theme of this study.The research tries to analysize the construction of rural social security from a policy standpoint in this paper ,under the guidence of the Marxism theory ,based on spot investigation , research results in existence , and the analysis of the archives ,history files and other documents , mainly by means of policy analysis method together with comprehensive aplication of many knowledge involving such subjects as economics, sociology, management, law, etc .After more than one hundred year's practice in social pension insurance , western countries have set up raletive perfect systems . At the same time, the social pension insurance of these countries covers all of the rural population , as a result of the low percentage the rural population takes in the total population, and eventally introduces a universal health insurance. However, there are a number of developing countries or areas whose economic development levels are equivalant to ours . In this sence,they can not be regarded as those who have real rural social pension insurances. In the process of establishment and implementation of social security policies , many theories including rural social security come into being . There is a lot of things can be learned for China from the social security practice of the developed counties and part of the developing countries in this aspect.Before the Reform and Opening , the main programs of rural social security are five gurantees system and Rural Cooperative Medical System . Since 1978, according to the overall planning of the city and rual ,which is ratified by the Central Party and the State Council, combined with the reality of rual social and economic development , our country has proposed researching the rural social security which differs from the city's positively. First, from the 90s 20th , the state concil decided to practice rural social pension insurance in some experimental unit. Second, from 2002 on, in order to protect the basic medical requirements of farmers and to relieve the poverty caused by diseases or put back to by diseases , our country has began to try out the new Rural Cooperative Medical System which focuses on catastrophic diseases in central and western regions of China and the eastern poor regions . Third, from 2007 on , the rural minimum living security system has been set up in nationwide scope.Fourth, some local goveronments try out the social insurance for migrant workers and the basic life security system for land-expropriated farmers in some experimental units. Some experiences can be accumulatede from the experimental units above , which lays a solid foundation for accelerating the construction of rural social security.From the viewpoint of public policy analysis, policy establishment ,which affects the effectiveness and rationality of the policy directly ,is the initial link of system establishment , optimization and development . The establishment of rual social security policies will affect the social security level of Millions of Chinese farmers and tests the goveronment's solving ability in three agricultral problems. In the link of policy implementation ,there are many influence factors including social factors, political factors,economic factors, cutural factors ,population factors and so on. Some deviation ,including the"missing duty","overdone duty","almost duty"and"wrong duty",etc,always appear during policy implementation.It is necessary to test the effect during the implementation of public policies by means of policy evaluation . And based on the observation and research into rural social security policy,the influenting fators of rural social security policy was discussed. After that, some suggestions on the adjustment in current rural social security policy ,including the transformation from overdone duty to abdicating duty, from almost duty to reasonable duty , and from missing duty to just duty,were put forward . At last, the improvement of the evaluation system on rural social security policy was discussed.In conclusion , in the process of constructing rural social security , those should be attached importance to as followed . First, government responsibility should be consolidated.Second, social security of city and rural should be overall planned and coordinated ,and the system equity should be improved.Third,social security policy should be improved and the multilateral security requirments should be met .Fourth, construction of social security system for migrant workers and land-expropriated farmers should be accelerated . The innovation in this paper lies in the method to study rural social security ,which is analytical method of public policy,from the policy establishment ,the policy implementation ,information feedback to policy rectification . And there are some drawbacks in this paper ,too.From practice aspect, rural social security in China starts rather late, in low level ,with more problems and heavy task ,even some aspects are still in the primary phase.From theory aspect , there is not much research on the analysis of chinese rural social security policy process ,resulting in no more data to consult. Therefore, the research in this paper is only tentative study , which increases the difficulty of the research.