The Difference And Its' Influencing Factors About Urban And Rural Employment

The urban- rural employment difference was one of the most prominent phenomenon in urban and rural differences, which not only suggested the inequality in urban- rural labor employment, but also was the important factor to enlarge the urban- rural income difference. So, it was very important for constructing harmonious society and realizing the struggle target of the well- off society to decrease the urban- rural employment difference. In this paper, the urban-rural employment difference and its factors were analyzed, and the change and its degree of the urban-rural employment difference were also analyzed, then the probability and relevant policies were put forward to decrease urban-rural employment difference. Referencing and absorbing the existing research results, basing on the scientific development philosophy, and adopting the analytic hierarchy process, Theil index and regression analysis, the main study contents were as flowing:1. Defining the study scope of the urban-rural employment difference and its factors. From the view angle of urban and rural labor force, taking the comparative labor productivity as a standard, the urban- rural employment difference was the virtual inequality in employment opportunity, obtaining employment and employment income. So, in this paper, the effect factors of the employment opportunity, obtaining employment and employment income on the urban- rural employment difference were payed more attention to key points.2. Analyzing the change and its degree of the urban- rural employment difference. Before reforming and opening, under constraint of the household registration system and the people commune system and so on, the characteristics of the urban- rural employment difference were division, solidification and inequality and so on. After reforming and opening, the urban- rural employment difference had great changes with the adjustment of urban- rural employment policy. In general, the changes were that the regional differences tended to reduction, but the rural labor force was still at a disadvantage in urban employment; the occupational difference tended to reduction, but the rural labor force mainly was engaged in the occupation of low comparative labor productivity; the system difference tended to reduction, but the market difference have tended to appearance.The analytic hierarchy process was adopted to calculate the difference degree of urban- rural employment. Based on the relative data in 2004, the difference degree of urban- rural employment was 0.6075. So, there was great difference in employment for the urban– rural labor force, and the realization degree of employment right was inferior to one half for rural labor force than that of urban labor force. the Theil index was also adopted to calculate the inequality degree of urban- rural employment difference, the result showed that the Theil index of urban- rural employment opportunity difference and urban- rural employment income difference were all more than 0, but they tended to opposite direction, the former tended to descend gradually, and the latter tended to ascend gradually.3. Analyzing the influence of employment positions creation on the urban- rural employment difference. In general, the increase of quantitative in effective employment positions was favorable to decrease the urban- rural employment difference, but was not obvious to decrease the urban- rural employment income difference. In addition, the increase of employment positions in non-state-owned units could not play an active role in reducing the urban- rural employment income difference.The growth of the economic total amount, the industrial structure adjustment and the urbanization development were the important macroscopic approaches to create employment positions, and the development of the non- public economy and the small and medium-sized enterprises was microscopic approaches. The economic growth (taking the GDP and the per capita GDP as index), the industry structure adjustment (taking the proportion of non-industrial output value as index), and the urbanization development (taking the urbanization rate as index) et al were the approaches to create employment positions, which was favorable to decrease the urban- rural employment opportunities difference, but could not play an active role in reducing the urban- rural employment income difference,4. Analyzing the influence of the labor market development on the urban- rural employment difference. The labor market development was different before and after the reforming and open. At present, the basic situation and characteristic of labor market was that: the mechanism role of labor market was constantly strengthened, and which was the important means to match labor force resources; the labor market system was constantly perfected, and the labor market environment tended to standard constantly; the development degree of labor market was constantly improved, but was not perfectly. But, the urban-rural segmentation in labor market was the main problem to develop labor market.On the one hand, the development of labor market played an active role in reducing urban- rural employment opportunities difference, but on the other hand, it could not play an active role in reducing urban- rural employment income difference, or the uncertain role. So, the labor market development was the necessary condition to realize the urban-rural employment equality, but it could not decrease the urban- rural employment income difference.5. Analyzing the influence of the human capital difference on the urban- rural employment difference. The improvement of the rural human capital was favorable to increase rural employment position and income. For a long time, there was great difference in urban- rural human capital stock and investment, but the urban- rural human capital and its difference also affected the urban- rural employment difference.The decrease of urban- rural human capital was favorable to decrease the urban- rural employment difference, but the relation of the urban- rural human capital difference and the employment difference was the converse"U"model. So, under the lower urban- rural human capital investment, the urban- rural employment opportunity difference was enlarged with the enlargement of the urban- rural human capital investment difference, but when rural human capital investment was assured to some extend, the urban- rural employment opportunity difference degree was not obvious with enlargement of the urban- rural human capital investment difference. In addition, the decrease of the urban- rural human capital and its investment difference was favorable to decrease the urban- rural employment income difference, but which would be disturbed by micro-economy.The main Conclusions were that: in order to construct urban- rural equity and harmonious labor relations, the urban- rural employment difference should be decreased based on the comparative labor productivity. And it were the importance ways to realize the urban- rural employment difference decrease that the more employment position should be created to enlarge employment, the rural labor market development should be improved, and the rural human capital investment was increased to advance the rural human capital. At the same time, the best equilibrium point for the quantity and quality of employment position should be pulled off for the target of the welfare maximization, and the labor market development should be promoted actively, and the macro control and supervision for the labor market should be strengthened.