| The Supply of Public Goods "government failure" led to two decades of Western New Public Management movement, set off a wave of market-oriented reforms of the quasi-public goods.Meanwhile, the market itself has " deficiencies" at the third sector non-profit organization quietly rising in developed countries, it with the government and the private enterprise become the one of the three main economic and social management.CPC in the Third Plenary Session of the16th,"to develop and actively guide the non-public economy", relax market access to allow private capital into the infrastructure of laws and regulations not prohibited, utilities and other industries and fields.In recent years, academics have advocated the reform of the diversified supply of public goods, and practice, but the overall diversification of public goods made in the reform of certain results, but there are many deficiencies.To reiterate that the Chinese government in economic development "12th Five-Year Plan" to the reform of basic public services, the introduction of competition mechanism, expand the purchase of services to achieve the subject and the delivery of diversification.The Chinese government to promote non-essential public services, market-oriented reforms, relaxing market access and encourage social capital to participate in a variety of ways to enhance the multi-level supply capacity to meet the diverse needs of the masses."first time in a major policy document specifically mentioned" public service to the subject and the delivery of diversification.These are provided policy support to further deepen the reforms in the areas of public goods supply. Depth discussion of the theoretical basis of the diversification of the quasi-public goods supply, to explore the reality model of quasi-public goods diversified supply, improve the efficiency of the overall supply of public goods, standardize the order of diversification of supply of public goods, optimize the supply system of public goods is the main content of this paper.Academia to study the theory of public goods to several hundred years of history, but the definition of the nature of public goods is still not a conclusion.This paper begins with talk about the nature of public goods, The nature of public goods, the general existence of the following four perspectives:①non-competitive and non-exclusive representative is the representative figure of Samuelson and Musgrave;②the sharing of public goods, represented by the United Statesthe Baodewei, Ostrom and his wife; public goods.non-exclusive;④public goods non-competitive. Speaking of non-competitive, start with the public goods that the goods is the variety of attributes, each attribute has different levels of competition, relying solely on non-competitive to distinguish public goods are easily confused, but in reality, some items on the surface has a strong non-competitive, but it clearly belongs to private goods. Therefore, relying on the non-competitive as the characteristics of public goods is unreasonable.Non-exclusive public goods generally include:①unnecessary row him;②exclusive cost is too high;③should not be exclusive.Studies have shown that non-exclusive content actually contains a non-competitive and sharing; In addition, the external theory and property theory also believes that the reason why there are public goods because of high transaction costs so we can not exclude others from possession of the items theproperty rights. In summary, I think we should adopt the non-exclusive as to determine the sole criterion of public goods.In society, if not a result of an article due to the presence of excessive transaction costs or social values or other members of society should not hinder the use of such articles is the public goods.From the attributes of public goods and pure private goods to purely public goods, non-exclusive and constantly enhance a process.Pure public goods is non-exclusive items. Private goods is a completely exclusive items between public goods and private goods is quasi-public goods and quasi-public goods is a part of the exclusive items.Entirely non-exclusive, pure public goods must be supplied by the government, while private goods has completely exclusive, private supply is efficient.Quasi-public goods can either be provided by the government and the private sector can also be supplied by third sector organizations, that is a quasi-public goods supply main is not the only, so you can consider diversification model to solve the selection criteria which supply main which a supply model is better able to provide it to better meet the people or the needs of consumers.From classical economics to analyze the theoretical basis of the supply of public goods, and then gradually introducing property rights economics, new institutional economics and game theory, information economics analysis. Classical economic theory of public goods supply and demand equilibrium analysis, proved that partial equilibrium Pigou and Samuelson’s general equilibrium for a single public goods, optimal supply. The quasi-market for the supply of public goods theory that the market for the supply of some quasi-public goods is efficient, can produce Lindahl equilibrium solution, and later Martin moderate Johansson voluntary exchange theory further proof of this, especially Kos through to public goods external to analyze proposed an effective way to solve the economic externalities of public goods, through the definition of property rights or property transfer transactions to achieve the solution of the supply of Public Goods market efficiency. However, many scholars think that the market supply quasi-public goods to the following shortcomings:①The supply of "free rider" phenomenon and "the tragedy of the commons " nd lead to inefficient supply of public goods in reality;②The natural monopoly quasi-public goods to a pricing problem;□market supply public goods lead to the loss of universal service and equity of public goods society.In fact, the supply of public goods is in fact national origin, originally exist in the theories of sociology and political science theoretical foundation of the government on the supply of public goods, then the supply of public goods "market failure" leads to more scholars from the point of view of welfare economics, neoclassical economics the government need to provide public goods, but the problems of government supply of public goods is also obvious:①The government inefficiency of the supply;﹎andatory free-rider phenomenon;③The government rent-seeking behavior. So, the government and the market in the supply of public goods "double failure" and laid the theoretical foundation of the third sector organizations in the supply of public goods, due to third sector organizations own advantages provisions, determines it can not be ignored in the supply of public goods role in the subsequent supply of multi-center theory and voluntary supply theory to prove this point.For a certain kind of quasi-public goods, the supply of the main body should not be a single supply mode should not be the only key to see which mode of supply can better play better meet the needs of the needs of the parties. This paper lists10kinds of public goods supply basic modes, including contracting, franchise business, government subsidies, the voucher system, voluntary services, the individual mode, there are many manifestations, especially for using the object of limited infrastructure supply enumerated11modes of supply of public-private partnerships, such as LBO、BOT、BTO、BBO、BOO and the external construction of the specific mode, the selection of these patterns, I believe that should be depending on the specific situation, in reality quasi-public goods environment and conditions for seeking truth from facts to select a more reasonable model.Public goods supply model selection criteria, such as responsiveness, equity, efficiency, etc. Similarly, for the selection of a standard should consider the analysis, according to national conditions, public opinion and national policy and direction of reform, according to public goods supply to achieve the purpose and requirements to develop the standard.Operations research and mathematical economics in the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) or data envelopment analysis (DEA) criteria to determine the modes of supply of public goods can be used to judge the pros and cons of a supply model to evaluate the efficiency of its supply order to facilitate prior selection or ex-post evaluation, this is also the social management of the more popular and effective evaluation method.On the basis of the above theoretical analysis, the practice of reform of the quasi-public goods in developed countries diversified supply for the empirical analysis, the practice mode of diversification of reform in developed countries and the results achieved, summed up in China in recent years, quasi-public goods diverse of supply reforms, summed up the achievements of China’s reform of the public goods, the empirical analysis and evaluation of the individual quasi-public goods supply efficiency.In practice in order to achieve the optimal choice of diversified modes of supply, for the supply of public goods in China there are still deficiencies，optimize its main principles.①power obligations principle:②The local conditions of principle;③the operability principle;④improve the quality principles:⑤negative effects of the minimum principle.To build China’s efficient public goods diversified supply system, we need to take the following measures:①the establishment of third sector organizations to participate in the incentive and restraint mechanisms for public goods.Strengthen government regulation, and improve organizational capacity.②establish a market incentive and restraint mechanisms of participation in public goods services.On the basis of previous research with respect to the induction and innovation:first,the introduction of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) or data envelopment analysis (DEA) to evaluate the efficiency of the supply of public goods.Second, comprehensive exposition of the macro-and micro-functions of government, private and third sector need to play in the diversification of supply of public goods, ideas and measures to optimize the diversification of the supply system for China’s quasi-public goods.last,combined with the previous analysis and practical needs, summed up the merits of the standard system of evaluation of public goods model.However.due to the author’s own theoretical level is limited,there are many disadvantages,such as the government is not comprehensive enough role in the diversification of supply of the quasi-public goods,there is Preliminary analysis for non-profit organizations of the Third Sector in China, etc. |
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