Systematic Physiology And Biochemistry Training Monitoring Of Long Distance Swimming Event

ObjectiveLong distance swimming event is the endurance event group dominated byphysical ability, with the rapid development of competitive sports, the differencesbetween Swimming Specific training theory, Swimming racing tactics andSwimming Specific training methods are getting smaller and smaller in advancedCountries around the world.To maximize the potential of athletes, to maintain the bestcompetitive state and scientific organized training programs, a systematicphysiological and biochemical training monitoring system must be established forlong distance swimming event. It hasn’t been reported domestically.According to sports physiology, sports biochemistry, sports biomechanics andsports training methods, the purpose of this study is to establish physiological andbiochemical training monitoring methods of training load (intensity and volume),specific physical ability monitoring and specific training methods evaluationcombined with long-distance swimming event’s characteristics, rules andrequirements. in addition, we try to establish appropriate evaluation criteria. Providingtechnological support to improve the long-distance swimming event’s scientific levelof training.Methods1.The study objects were27elite long-distance swimmers (male13, female14)of Zhejiang province, among them, the international master sportsman is3, mastersportsman is10, rests are one class athlete.2.Tracking to observe the athletes’ daily training, altitude training and the wholeprocess of the game, and to monitor training load, specific physical ability andspecific training methods using sports physiology, sports biochemistry, sportsbiomechanics and sports training methods. Targeted adjustment training program andin accordance with the athletes’ need to be resolved to optimize the training effect;integrated relevant research data and parameters, and gradually improve, systematicand standardized the physiological and biochemical monitoring system oflong-distance swimming event’s specific training, and applied to other swimmingevent.Results1. The physiological and biochemical indicators and evaluation methods oftraining load monitoring1.1HR and BLa integrate special performance can assess the training loadintensity of once/group action. BLa is more sensitive and Stable than HR for the assessment of hard training load intensity;1.2CK can be sensitive to reflect the changes of training load intensity of the keylessons of swimming training; Long distance Swimming athletes need at least twoweeks to adapt a harder training load intensity, CK declines gradually in the thirdweek and may be higher than the base-line; Male and female athletes’ CK remainsstable before competition, both at a low level;1.3Hb and MCHC can be applied to evaluate microcycle training volume, butthese two indicators have a certain lag, and the individual difference of its is large.The decline of Hb and MCHC during high training volume is appropriately less then10-15%and10%relative to the baseline. Male and female athletes’ Hb and MCHCremain stable before competition, both at a high level;1.4BU can be applied to evaluate microcycle training volume, but the individualdifference of it is large. Male and female athletes’ BU remains stable beforecompetition, both at a low level;1.5T and T/C can be applied to evaluate medium cycle training volume. Thedecline of T/C during high training volume is appropriately less then30%relative tothe baseline.Male and female athletes’ T and T/C remain stable before competition,both at a high level;1.6SF can be applied to evaluate medium cycle training volume, it is moresensitive than Hb and has no lag. The decline of SF during high training volume isappropriately less then30-40%relative to the baseline.Male and female athletes’ SFremains stable before competition, both at a high level;1.7Vo2max of elite long-distance swimming athletes haven’t significant changesduring different stages of training cycle. It is reasonable to assess the training effectthrough a stage test of lactate-velocity curves after athletic training, if the curveshifted to the right, and athlete’s Bla in the final sprint swim stage increased, then itcan be determined that athlete’s aerobic and anaerobic metabolic capacity enhanced.2.The physiological and biochemical indicators and evaluation methods ofspecific physical ability monitoring2.1Athletes’ instantly BLa ranges3-4mmol/L, and instantly HR reaches150-170b/min after T-30training, so T-30is classified anaerobic threshold intensity. Itcan be applied to evaluate athlete’s medium-high aerobic capacity changes thatmonitor athletes’ Bla and HR after T-30training during different training phase andcombined with the total swim course and average speed;2.2Male and female long-distance swimming athletes’ CV value range is1.56-1.64m/s and1.45-1.59m/s respectively, athletes’ instantly BLa ranges7-8mmol/L, and instantly HR reaches180-190b/min after CV training, so CV isclassified maximal oxygen uptake’s intensity. Aerobic endurance training can significantly improve CV and CV speed swimming exhaustive tim（eP<0.01）. CV canbe applied to evaluate athlete’s high aerobic capacity changes during different trainingphase;2.3The100m,200m and400m freestyle speed endurance of Zhejiang provincelong-distance swimming athletes are both at lower level domestic. HR and BLacombined with8×100m,7×200m and6×400m interval freestyle specific performancecan assess athletes’ specific speed endurance. If the specific performance improved,HR and BLa remain stable or decline, indicating that athletes’ specific speedendurance improved, Otherwise decline.3.The physiological and biochemical indicators and evaluation methods ofspecific training methods monitoring3.12000m freestyle (60%exertion) is not suitable for the athletes of imprecisespeed sense to develop low aerobic capacity, easily leading to exceed target trainingintensity;3.2Athletes’ instantly BLa ranges2-3mmol/L, and instantly HR reaches130-140b/min after20×100m freestyle (sum time1’10”)training, it can be applied toenhance athlete’s low aerobic capacity effectively. For the purpose of reduce thetraining intensity, sum time may be appropriately increased for the lower traininglevel athlete;3.35×400m freestyle (80%exertion) is not suitable for the athletes of differenttraining level to develop medium-high aerobic capacity, particularly the athletes ofimprecise speed sense can not achieve the target training intensity;3.4Athletes’ instantly BLa ranges3-4mmol/L, and instantly HR reaches150-170b/min after T-30training, it corresponds medium-high aerobic capacity targettraining intensity. T-30can be applied to develop athlete’s medium-high aerobiccapacity effectively;3.5Athletes’ instantly BLa ranges8-9mmol/L, and instantly HR reaches180b/min after isokinetic strength training, CK of6h after training increasesSignificantly,but it can return to baseline generally after24h（P<0.05）. BU of24hafter training is significantly higher than6h after training（P<0.05）. Although loadintensity and load volume of isokinetic strength training methods are high, it doesn’tcause athletes to the apparent fatigue. For the purpose of eliminating muscle’s fatigueit is necessary to carry on muscular traction after training.The proper frequecy ofisokinetic strength training is1-2bout/week;3.6Athletes’ instantly BLa ranges2mmol/L, and instantly HR reaches140b/minafter1500m swimming with paddle. CK and BU haven’t significantly increase neither6h after training nor24h after training（P>0.05）. This training method doesn’t resultin effective stimulation to athletes’ upper limb muscles, and the training volume is low too, so1500m swimming with paddle is not suitable for the development ofathletes’ upper limbs special force;3.7Athletes’ instantly BLa ranges5-6mmol/L, and instantly HR reaches180b/min after4×200m（sum time2’50”）swimming with paddle. CK of6h aftertraining increases Significantly,but it can return to baseline generally after24h（P<0.05）. BU of6h and24h after training ranges5-6mmol/L.This training methodresult in effective stimulation to athletes’ upper limb muscles, and the trainingvolume is moderate, so4×200m（sum time2’50”）swimming with paddle is suitablefor the development of athletes’ upper limbs special force;3.8Athletes’ instantly BLa ranges8-9mmol/L, and instantly HR reaches190b/min after8×150m（100%exertion）kicking with a board. CK of6h after trainingincreases Significantly, and it can’t return to baseline after24h（P>0.05）. BU of24hafter training is significantly higher than6h after training（P<0.01）. This trainingmethod result in deep stimulation to athletes’ lower limb muscles, and the trainingvolume is high, in order to avoid fatigue,8×150m（100%exertion）kicking with aboard should form a reasonable training intermittent with others training modules;3.9Athletes’ instantly BLa ranges6-7mmol/L, and instantly HR reaches180b/min after12×50m（100%exertion）resistance swimming. CK of6h after trainingincreases Significantly, and CK of24h after training is significantly lower than6hafter training（P<0.05）. BU of24h after training is significantly higher than6h aftertraining（P<0.05）, it ranges7.11-7.29mmol/L. This training method result in moderatestimulation to athletes’ whole body muscles, and the training volume is moderate too.It is suitable for the development of athletes’ whole body muscle’s strength enduranceand coordination.Conclusion1.HR,BLa and CK can assess the training load intensity of long distanceswimming event, and HR and BLa integrate special performance can assess thetraining load intensity of once/group action. BLa is more sensitive and Stable than HRfor the assessment of hard training load intensity; CK can be sensitive to reflect thechanges of training load intensity of the key lessons of swimming training.2. Hb,MCHC, BU,T,T/C and SF can be applied to evaluate training volume oflong distance swimming event. Hb, MCHC and BU can be applied to evaluatemicrocycle training volume, but these indicators have great individual variation, inaddition Hb and MCHC have a certain lag. T,T/C and SF can be applied to evaluatemedium cycle training volume, SF is more sensitive than Hb and has no lag.3.Vo2max of elite long-distance swimming athletes haven’t significant changesduring different stages of training cycle. It is reasonable to assess the training effectthrough a stage test of lactate-velocity curves after athletic training. 4.T-30and CV can be applied to evaluate aerobic capacity changes of longdistance swimming event. T-30is classified anaerobic threshold intensity. It can beapplied to evaluate athlete’s medium-high aerobic capacity changes through themonitoring of athletes’ Bla and HR after T-30training during different training phaseand combined with the total swim course and average speed. CV is classified maximaloxygen uptake’s intensity, and it can be applied to evaluate athlete’s high aerobiccapacity changes during different training phase.5.8×100m,7×200m and6×400m interval freestyle can assess speed enduranceof long distance swimming event. If the specific performance improved, HR and BLaremain stable or decline, indicating that athletes’ specific speed endurance improved,otherwise decline.6. HR and Bla combined with specific performance can be applied to evaluatelong distance swimming training methods for the purpose of defining whether thetraining methods are in line with the specific training and specific ability development.The training method that needing self-control exertion is not suitable for the athletesof different training level absolutely, particularly the athletes of imprecise speed sensecan not achieve or exceed the target training intensity.7. In order to evaluate intensity and volume of Specific strength training methods,and provide the theoretical proofs of arranging specific strength training, HR, Bla, CKcombined with athletic performance can be applied to analysis land and water specificstrength training of long-distance swimming event.